在崎岖的景观中获得更高的水平：反转突变打开了NK适应度景观中更适应的适应性峰值
Getting higher on rugged landscapes: Inversion mutations open access to fitter adaptive peaks in NK fitness landscapes
摘要：
分子进化通常被概念化为在崎岖的适应度景观上的适应性行走，由突变驱动并受增量适应度选择的约束。众所周知，上位性塑造了景观表面的凹凸不平，勾勒出它们的地形（高适应性的高峰被低适应性基因型的山谷隔开）。然而，在强选择弱突变（SSWM）限制内，一旦自适应行走达到局部峰值，自然选择就会限制通过下游路径，并阻碍达到更高适应值的任何可能性。在这里，除了广泛使用的点突变，我们引入了一个最小的模型序列反转来模拟自适应行走。我们使用著名的NK模型来实例化崎岖的景观。我们表明，自适应行走可以达到更高的适应值，通过反转突变，这相比，点突变，允许进化过程中逃脱当地的健身高峰。为了阐明这种染色体重排的影响，我们使用一个图形理论表示的可访问的突变体，并显示如何发现新的进化路径。本模型提出了一个简单的机械原理来分析逃逸的本地健身峰驱动的分子进化（基因内）结构倒位，并揭示了一些后果的限制点突变的模拟分子进化。
英文摘要：
Molecular evolution is often conceptualised as adaptive walks on rugged fitness landscapes, driven by mutations and constrained by incremental fitness selection. It is well known that epistasis shapes the ruggedness of the landscape's surface, outlining their topography (with high-fitness peaks separated by valleys of lower fitness genotypes). However, within the strong selection weak mutation (SSWM) limit, once an adaptive walk reaches a local peak, natural selection restricts passage through downstream paths and hampers any possibility of reaching higher fitness values. Here, in addition to the widely used point mutations, we introduce a minimal model of sequence inversions to simulate adaptive walks. We use the well known NK model to instantiate rugged landscapes. We show that adaptive walks can reach higher fitness values through inversion mutations, which, compared to point mutations, allows the evolutionary process to escape local fitness peaks. To elucidate the effects of this chromosomal rearrangement, we use a graph-theoretical representation of accessible mutants and show how new evolutionary paths are uncovered. The present model suggests a simple mechanistic rationale to analyse escapes from local fitness peaks in molecular evolution driven by (intragenic) structural inversions and reveals some consequences of the limits of point mutations for simulations of molecular evolution.
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