The use of Pade Approximants for the analysis of the pion vector form-factor is discussed and justified in this talk. The method is tested first in a theoretical model and applied then on real experimental data. It is shown how the Pade Approximants provide a convenient and reliable framework to incorporate both low and high energy information in the euclidean region, leading to improved determinations of the low energy parameters such as, e.g., the quadratic radius <r^2>^pi_V.
The positive zeros of [2|1], [1|2] and the most general possible [2|2] Pade approximants whose Maclaurin series reproduce the presently known terms in the three-flavour QCD beta-function are all shown to correspond to ultraviolet fixed points.
We present a graphical method of analyzing the infra-red fixed point structure of Pade approximant QCD. The analysis shows a spiral multi-component couplant structure as well as an infra-red attractor behavior of PQCD couplant for all flavors $0 \le N_{f} \le 16$.
Pade-approximant treatments of the known terms of the QCD $β$-function are seen to develop possible infrared fixed point structure only if the number of fermion flavours is sufficiently large. This flavour threshold is seen to be between six and nine flavours, depending upon both the specific choice of approximant as well as on the presently-unknown five-loop $β$-function contribution. Below this flavour threshold, Pade approximants based upon the QCD $β$-function manifest the same infrared attractor structure as that which characterizes the exact NSVZ $β$-function of supersymmetric gluodynami…
We investigate the relation between holographic calculations in 5D and the Migdal approach to correlation functions in large N theories. The latter employs Pade approximation to extrapolate short distance correlation functions to large distances. We make the Migdal/5D relation more precise by quantifying the correspondence between Pade approximation and the background and boundary conditions in 5D. We also establish a connection between the Migdal approach and the models of deconstructed dimensions.
Recently it has been pointed out that diagonal Padé approximants to truncated perturbative series in gauge theories have the remarkable property of being independent of the choice of the renormalization scale as long as the gauge coupling parameter $α(p^2)$ is taken to evolve according to the one-loop renormalization group equation -- i.e., in the large-$β_0$ approximation. In this letter we propose and describe an improvement to the method of diagonal Padé approximants. The improved method results in approximants which are independent of the chosen renormalization scale when $α(p^2)$ evolves …
Within the context of massive N-component $ϕ^4$ scalar field theory, we use asymptotic Pade-approximant methods to estimate from prior orders of perturbation theory the five-loop contributions to the coupling-constant beta-function $β_g$, the anomalous mass dimension $γ_m$, the vacuum-energy beta-function $β_v$, and the anomalous dimension $γ_2$ of the scalar field propagator. These estimates are then compared with explicit calculations of the five-loop contributions to $β_g$, $γ_m$, $β_v$, and are seen to be respectively within 5%, 18%, and 27% of their true values for $N$ between 1 and 5. We…
The next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO) QCD analysis of the revised experimental data of the CCFR collaboration for the $xF_3$ structure function of the deep-inelastic scattering of neutrinos and antinuetrinos on the nucleons is made by means of the Jacobi polynomial expansion technique. The NNLO values of the QCD coupling constant are determined both without and with twist--4 contributions taken into account. Theoretical ambiguities of $α_s$ are fixed using the methods of the Padé approximants. We observe that the [0/2] Padé approximant is more appropriate for this purpose than the [1/1] one…
Asymptotic Pade-approximant methods are utilized to estimate the leading-order unknown (i.e., not-yet-calculated) contributions to the perturbative expansions of two-current QCD correlation functions obtained from scalar-channel fermion and gluon currents, as well as from vector-channel fermion currents. Such contributions to the imaginary part of each correlator are polynomials of logarithms whose coefficients (other than the constant term within the polynomial) may be extracted from prior-order contributions by use of the renormalization-group (RG) equation appropriate for each correlator. W…
We use Asymptotic Pade Approximants (APAP's) to predict the four- and five-loop β-functions in QCD and N=1 supersymmetric QCD (SQCD), as well as the quark mass anomalous dimensions in Abelian and non-Abelian gauge theories. We show how the accuracy of our previous β-function predictions at the four-loop level may be further improved by using estimators weighted over negative numbers of flavours (WAPAP's). The accuracy of the improved four-loop results encourages confidence in the new five-loop β-function predictions that we present. However, the WAPAP approach does not provide improved results…
In this lecture I present some of the new developments concerning the use of Pade Approximants (PA's) for resumming perturbative series in QCD. It is shown that PA's tend to reduce the renormalization scale and scheme dependence as compared to truncated series. In particular it is proven that in the limit where the $β$ function is dominated by the 1-loop contribution, there is an exact symmetry that guarantees invariance of diagonal PA's under changing the renormalization scale. In addition it is shown that in the large $β_0$ approximation diagonal PA's can be interpreted as a systematic metho…
We have applied Pade approximants to perturbative QCD calculations of event shape observables in e+e- --> hadrons. We used the exact O(alpha_s^2) prediction and the [0/1] Pade approximant to estimate the O(alpha_s^3) term for 15 observables, and in each case determined alpha_s(M_Z^2) from comparison with hadronic Z^0 decay data from the SLD experiment. We found the scatter among the alpha_s(M_Z^2) values to be significantly reduced compared with the standard O(alpha_s^2) determination, implying that the Pade method provides at least a partial approximation of higher-order perturbative contribu…
In the large-Nc limit of QCD, the chiral expansion of the vacuum polarization at low energies determines the whole function at any arbitrarily large (but finite) energy. This result is an immediate consequence of the Theory of Pade Approximants to Stieltjes functions.
Previously developed Pade-related method of resummation for QCD observables, which achieves exact renormalization-scale-invariance, is extended so that the scheme-invariance is obtained as well. The dependence on the leading scheme parameter $c_2$ is eliminated by a variant of the method of the principle of minimal sensitivity. The subleading parameter $c_3$ in the approximant is then fixed in such a way that the correct known location of the leading infrared renormalon pole is reproduced. Thus, $beta$-functions which go beyond the last perturbatively calculated order in the observable are use…
Perturbative QCD corrections to hadronic $τ$ decays and $e^+e^-$ annihilation into hadrons below charm are obtained from the Adler function, which at present is known in the chiral limit to five-loop accuracy. Extractions of the strong coupling, $α_s$, from these processes suffer from an ambiguity related to the treatment of unknown higher orders in the perturbative series. In this work, we exploit the method of Padé approximants and its convergence theorems to extract information about higher-order corrections to the Adler function in a systematic way. First, the method is tested in the large…
We propose the use of two point Pade approximants to find expressions valid uniformly in coupling constant for theories with both weak and strong coupling expansions. In particular, one can use these approximants in models with a strong/weak duality, when the symmetries do not determine exact expressions for some quantity.
A renormalization-scale-invariant generalization of the diagonal Padé approximants (dPA), developed previously, is extended so that it becomes renormalization-scheme-invariant as well. We do this explicitly when two terms beyond the leading order (NNLO, $\sim α_s^3$) are known in the truncated perturbation series (TPS). At first, the scheme dependence shows up as a dependence on the first two scheme parameters $c_2$ and $c_3$. Invariance under the change of the leading parameter $c_2$ is achieved via a variant of the principle of minimal sensitivity. The subleading parameter $c_3$ is fixed so …
We present an asymptotic Pade-approximant estimate for the four-loop coefficients within the linear combination of correlators entering the recently calculated decay rate of a CP-odd Higgs boson, with an assumed mass $m_A = 100 GeV$, into two gluons. All but one of these coefficients are shown to be determined for arbitrary $m_A$ from the known 3-loop-order rate by renormalization group methods. Asymptotic Pade-approximant estimates for these coefficients are all seen to be within 12% of their correct values. The four-loop term in the decay rate for $m_A = 100 GeV$ is estimated to be only 4.3%…
A method of resummation of truncated perturbation series, related to diagonal Padé approximants but giving results independent of the renormalization scale, was developed more than ten years ago by us with a view of applying it in perturbative QCD. We now apply this method in analytic QCD models, i.e., models where the running coupling has no unphysical singularities, and we show that the method has attractive features such as a rapid convergence. The method can be regarded as a generalization of the scale-setting methods of Stevenson, Grunberg, and Brodsky-Lepage-Mackenzie. The method involve…
We employ a systematic and model-independent method to extract, from space- and time-like data, the $η$ and $η'$ transition form factors (TFFs) obtaining the most precise determination for their low-energy parameters and discuss the $Γ_{η\rightarrowγγ}$ impact on them. Using TFF data alone, we also extract the $η-η'$ mixing parameters, which are compatible to those obtained from more sophisticated and input-demanding procedures.
A method is suggested for interpolating between small-variable and large-variable asymptotic expansions. The method is based on self-similar approximation theory resulting in self-similar root approximants. The latter are more general than the two-sided Pade approximants and modified Pade approximants, including these as particular cases. Being more general, the self-similar root approximants guarantee the accuracy that is not worse, and often better, than that of the Pade approximants. The advantage of the root approximants is in their unambiguous definition and in the possibility of their co…
We analyze the properties of Pade and conformal map approximants for functions with branch points, in the situation where the expansion coefficients are only known with finite precision or are subject to noise. We prove that there is a universal scaling relation between the strength of the noise and the expansion order at which Pade or the conformal map breaks down. We illustrate this behavior with some physically relevant model test functions and with two non-trivial physical examples where the relevant Riemann surface has complicated structure
Pade approximant methods are applied to known terms of the DRED beta- function for N = 1 supersymmetric SU(3) Yang-Mills theory. Each of the [N|M] approximants with N + M less than or equal to 4 (M not equal to zero) constructed from this series exhibits a positive pole which precedes any zeros of the approximant, consistent with the same infrared-attractor pole behaviour known to characterise the exact NSVZ beta-function. A similar Pade-approximant analysis of truncations of the NSVZ series is shown consistently to reproduce the geometric-series pole of the exact NSVZ beta function.
Pade-approximant methods are used to extract information about leading positive zeros or poles of QCD and SQCD beta-functions from the known terms of their perturbative series. For QCD, such methods are seen to corroborate the flavour-threshold behaviour obtained via lattice approaches for the occurrence of infrared-stable fixed points.All possible Pade-approximant versions of the known (one- to four-loop) terms of the QCD MS-bar beta-function series are consistent with this threshold occurring at or above n_f = 6. This conclusion continues to be true even if higher-degree Pade-approximants ar…
Asymptotic Pade-approximant methods are utilized to estimate the order $α_s^5$ contribution to the $H\to gg$ rate and the order $α_s^4$ contribution to the $H \to b \bar{b}$ rate. The former process is of particular interest because of the slow convergence evident from the three known terms of its QCD series, which begins with an order $α_s^2$ leading-order term. The order $α_s^5$ contribution to the $H \to gg$ rate is expressed as a degree-3 polynomial in $L \equiv ln (μ^2 / m_t^2 (μ))$. We find that asymptotic Pade-approximant predictions for the coefficients of $L$, $L^2$, and $L^3$ are res…
We study asymptotically free SU($N_c$) gauge theories with ${\cal N}=1$ supersymmetry, including the purely gluonic theory and theories with $N_f$ copies of a pair of massless chiral superfields in the respective representations $R$ and $\bar R$ of SU($N_c$). The cases in which $R$ is the fundamental representation and the symmetric and antisymmetric rank-2 tensor representation are considered. We calculate Padé approximants to the beta functions for these theories in the $\overline{\rm DR}$ scheme up to four-loop order for the gluonic theory and up to three-loop order for the theories with ma…
The leading hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment is given by a weighted euclidean momentum integral of the hadronic vacuum polarization. This integral is dominated by momenta of order the muon mass. Since in lattice QCD it is difficult to compute the vacuum polarization at a large number of low momenta, a parametrization of the vacuum polarization is required to extrapolate the data. Most fits to date are based on vector meson dominance, which introduces model dependence into the lattice computation of the magnetic moment. Here we introduce a model-independent extrapolat…
We use the Linear Sigma Model to test the convergence of different sequences of Pade Approximants when used to unitarize the low energy pi-pi scattering amplitude. We find that, in this particular case, diagonal sequences reproduce the sigma pole with high accuracy, as opposed to other sequences that have been discussed extensively.
We address whether Padé-summations of the $\bar{MS}$ QCD $β$-function for a given number of flavours exhibit an infrared-stable fixed point, or alternatively, an infrared attractor of a double valued couplant as noted by Kogan and Shifman for the case of supersymmetric gluodynamics. Below an approximant-dependent flavour threshold $(6 \leq n_f \leq 8)$, we find that Padé-summation $β$-functions incorporating $[2|1], [1|2], [2|2], [1|3]$, and $[3|1]$ approximants always exhibit a positive pole prior to the occurrence of their first positive zero, precluding any identification of this first posi…
We show that the Pade Approximant (PA) approach for resummation of perturbative series in QCD provides a systematic method for approximating the flow of momentum in Feynman diagrams. In the large-$β_0$ limit, diagonal PA's generalize the Brodsky-Lepage-Mackenzie (BLM) scale-setting method to higher orders in a renormalization scale- and scheme-invariant manner, using multiple scales that represent Neubert's concept of the distribution of momentum flow through a virtual gluon. If the distribution is non-negative, the PA's have only real roots, and approximate the distribution function by a sum …
In this work, we present a precise and model--independent method to extract resonance pole parameters from phase-shift scattering data. These parameters are defined from the associated poles in the second Riemann sheet, unfolded by the analytic continuation to the complex pole using Padé approximants. Precise theoretical parameterizations of pion-pion scattering phase shifts based on once-- and twice-- subtracted dispersion relations are used as input, whose functional form allows us to show the benefit and accuracy of the method. In particular, we extract from these parametrization the pole p…
Using high statistics datasets generated in (2+1)-flavor QCD calculations at finite temperature we present results for low order cumulants of net baryon-number fluctuations at non-zero values of the baryon chemical potential. We calculate Taylor expansions for the pressure (zeroth order cumulant), net baryon-number density (first order cumulant) and the variance of the distribution on net-baryon number fluctuations (second order cumulant). We obtain series expansions from an eighth order expansion of the pressure and compare these to diagonal Padé approximants. This allows us to estimate the r…
We point out that resonance saturation in QCD can be understood in the large-Nc limit from the mathematical theory of Pade Approximants to meromorphic functions. These approximants are rational functions which encompass any saturation with a finite number of resonances as a particular example, explaining several results which have appeared in the literature. We review the main properties of Pade Approximants with the help of a toy model for the <VV-AA> two-point correlator, paying particular attention to the relationship among the Chiral Expansion, the Operator Product Expansion and the resona…
In light of the first observation of the semileptonic decay $B^{0}_{s}\to K^{-}μ^{+}ν_μ$ by the LHCb collaboration, we revisit the determination of the CKM parameter $|V_{ub}|$ from exclusive semileptonic $B$-meson decays. A controlled theoretical input on the Standard Model $B\toπ$ and $B_{s}\to K$ vector and scalar form factors from Lattice QCD in the large $q^{2}$ region, in combination with experimental measurements of the differential $B\toπ\ellν_{\ell}$ and $B^{0}_{s}\to K^{-}μ^{+}ν_μ$ branching ratio distributions, has allowed us determine $|V_{ub}|=3.86(11)\times10^{-3}$ and $|V_{ub}|=…
