Durdu Ö. Güney, Thomas Koschny, Maria Kafesaki, Costas M. Soukoulis
We show the designs of one- and two-dimensional photonic negative index metamaterials around telecom wavelengths. Designed bulk structures are inherently connected, which render their fabrication feasible by direct laser writing and chemical vapor deposition.
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We present the blueprint for a novel negative-index metamaterial. This structure is fabricated via three-dimensional two-photon direct laser writing and silver shadow evaporation. The comparison of measured linear optical spectra with theory shows good agreement and reveals a negative real part of the refractive index at around 3.85 micrometer wavelength - despite the fact that the metamaterial structure is bi-anisotropic due to the lack of inversion symmetry along its surface normal.
Stimulated emission depletion microscopy inspired direct laser writing (STED-DLW) processes can offer diffraction-unlimited fabrication of 3D-structures, not possible with traditional electron-beam or optical lithography. We propose a hyperbolic metamaterial for fabrication with STED-DLW. First, we design meandering wire structures with three different magnetic dipoles which can be excited under different incidences of light. Then, based on effective parameters corresponding to normal incidence and lateral incidence, we find that the hyperbolic dispersion relation for five-layer structure appe…
In the metamaterial with hyperbolic dispersion (an array of silver nanowires in alumina membrane) we have observed six-fold reduction of the emission life-time of dye deposited onto the metamaterials surface. This serves as the evidence of the earlier predicted high density of photonic states in hyperbolic metamaterials.
The photonic density of states (PDOS), like its' electronic coun- terpart, is one of the key physical quantities governing a variety of phenom- ena and hence PDOS manipulation is the route to new photonic devices. The PDOS is conventionally altered by exploiting the resonance within a device such as a microcavity or a bandgap structure like a photonic crystal. Here we show that nanostructured metamaterials with hyperbolic dispersion can dramatically enhance the photonic density of states paving the way for metamaterial based PDOS engineering.
The recent development of topological photonics has revealed a variety of intriguing phenomena such as Weyl degeneracy. However, topologically non-trivial degeneracy with higher dimension has not been reported in photonics. In this Letter, topologically charged photonic surface degeneracy in a helix structure possessing two-fold screw symmetry is demonstrated. Calculated Chern number and photonic Fermi arcs support topological phase of the surface degeneracy. We also show that the photonic system can work in both metamaterial and photonic crystal regime, which have an order of magnitude differ…
Metamaterials, artificially engineered materials consisting of subwavelength unit cell, have shown potentials in light manipulation with their extraordinary optical properties. Especially, topological metamaterials possessing topologically protected surface states enable extremely robust control of light. Here, we demonstrate extremely broadband topological phase in a photonic topological metamaterials with double helix structure. In particular topological surface states are observed for all the frequencies below a certain cut-off, originating from a double Weyl point at zero frequency. The ex…
Metamaterials, artificial media structured on the subwavelength scale offer a rich paradigm for developing unique photonic functionalities ranging from negative index of refraction and directionally asymmetric transmission to slowing light. Here we demonstrate that a combination of carbon nanotubes with a photonic metamaterial offers a new paradigm for the development of nonlinear media with exceptionally strong ultrafast nonlinear response invaluable in photonic applications. It is underpinned by strong coupling between weakly radiating Fano-type resonant plasmonic modes and the excitonic res…
Here, we report observations of photonic spin-momentum locking in the form of directional and chiral emission from achiral quantum dots (QDs) evanescently coupled to achiral hyperbolic metamaterials (HMM). Efficient coupling between QDs and the metamaterial leads to emergence of these photonic topological modes which can be detected in the far field. We provide theoretical explanation for the emergence of spin-momentum locking through rigorous modeling based on photon Green's function where pseudo spin of light arises from coupling of QDs to evanescent modes of HMM.
We present a general approach for the numerical calculation of the effective dielectric tensor of metamaterials and show that our formalism can be used to study metamaterials beyond the long wavelength limit. We consider a system composed of high refractive index cylindric inclusions and show that our method reproduces the Mie resonant features and photonic band structure obtained from a multiple scattering approach, hence opening the possibility to study arbitrarily complex geometries for the design of resonance-based negative refractive metamaterials at optical wavelengths.
Photonic metamaterials are man-made structures composed of tailored micro- or nanostructured metallo-dielectric sub-wavelength building blocks that are densely packed into an effective material. This deceptively simple, yet powerful, truly revolutionary concept allows for achieving novel, unusual, and sometimes even unheard-of optical properties, such as magnetism at optical frequencies, negative refractive indices, large positive refractive indices, zero reflection via impedance matching, perfect absorption, giant circular dichroism, or enhanced nonlinear optical properties. Possible applicat…
Spin photonics on chip based on a twinning crystal metamaterial
针对下一代光子信息技术对高容量二维光子回路的需求，提出基于孪晶超材料的多通道自旋相关光子器件，利用自旋-动量锁定实现4条横向自旋通道，可保持入射光自旋态并传回自由空间，为自旋调控纳米光子应用提供新方案。
We investigate numerically Fano resonances excited in periodic arrays of dielectric, metallic and left-handed cylinders. Of particular interest are Fano resonances excited in the linear array of cylin- ders. We analyze spatial distribution and symmetry of electromagnetic field and discuss the relation between observed Fano resonances and frequency spectra of two-dimensional arrays of cylinders.
Photonic spin Hall effect in transmission is a transverse beam shift of the out-coming beam depending on polarization of the in-coming beam. The effect can be significantly enhanced by materials with high anisotropy. We report the first experimental demonstration of the photonic spin Hall effect in a multilayer hyperbolic metamaterial at visible wavelengths (wavelengths of 520 nm and 633 nm). The metamaterial is composed of alternating layers of gold and alumina with deeply-subwavelength thicknesses, exhibiting extremely large anisotropy. The angle resolved polarimetric measurements showed the…
Coupled split-ring-resonator metamaterials have previously been shown to exhibit large coupling effects, which are a prerequisite for obtaining large effective optical activity. By a suitable lateral arrangement of these building blocks, we completely eliminate linear birefringence and obtain pure optical activity and connected circular optical dichroism. Experiments at around 100-THz frequency and corresponding modeling are in good agreement. Rotation angles of about 30 degrees for 205nm sample thickness are derived.
Topological semimetals, representing a new topological phase that lacks a full bandgap in bulk states and exhibiting nontrivial topological orders, recently have been extended to photonic systems, predominantly in photonic crystals and to a lesser extent, metamaterials. Photonic crystal realizations of Dirac degeneracies are protected by various space symmetries, where Bloch modes span the spin and orbital subspaces. Here, we theoretically show that Dirac points can also be realized in effective media through the intrinsic degrees of freedom in electromagnetism under electromagnetic duality. A…
Ultra-compact, densely integrated optical components manufactured on a CMOS-foundry platform are highly desirable for optical information processing and electronic-photonic co-integration. However, the large spatial extent of evanescent waves arising from nanoscale confinement, ubiquitous in silicon photonic devices, causes significant cross-talk and scattering loss. Here, we demonstrate that anisotropic all-dielectric metamaterials open a new degree of freedom in total internal reflection to shorten the decay length of evanescent waves. We experimentally show the reduction of cross-talk by gr…
Isotropic negative index metamaterials (NIMs) are highly desired, particularly for the realization of ultra-high resolution lenses. However, existing isotropic NIMs function only two-dimensionally and cannot be miniaturized beyond microwaves. Direct laser writing processes can be a paradigm shift toward the fabrication of three-dimensionally (3D) isotropic bulk optical metamaterials, but only at the expense of an additional design constraint, namely connectivity. Here, we demonstrate with a proof of-principle design that the requirement connectivity does not preclude fully isotropic left-hande…
The discovery of topological phases introduces new perspectives and platforms for various interesting physics originally investigated in quantum context and then, on an equal footing, in classic wave systems, such as photonics, acoustics and mechanics. As a characteristic feature, nontrivial Fermi arcs, connecting between topologically distinct Fermi surfaces, play vital roles in the clarification of Dirac and Weyl semimetals and have been observed in quantum materials very recently. However, in classical systems, no direct experimental observation of Fermi arcs in the momentum space has been …
We perform a theoretical investigation on the Goos-Hächen (GH) shift in one-dimensional photonic crystals (1DPCs) containing left-handed metamaterials (LHMs). We find an unusal effect of the GH shift near the photonic band-crossing structure, which is located at the condition, $% -k_{z}^{(A)}d_{A}=k_{z}^{(B)}d_{B}=mπ$ $(m=1,2,3...)$, under the inclined incident angle, here A denotes the LHM layer and B denotes the dielectric layer. Above the frequency of the band-crossing point (BCP), the GH shift changes from negative to positive as the incident angle increases, while the GH shift changes rev…
We develop a theory to compute and interpret the photonic band structure of a periodic array of metallic helices for the first time. Interesting features of band structure include the ingenuous longitudinal and circularly polarized eigenmodes, the wide polarization gap [Science 325, 1513 (2009)], and the helical symmetry guarantees the existence of negative group velocity bands at both sides of the polarization gap and band crossings pinned at the zone boundary with fixed frequencies. A direct proof of negative refraction via a chiral route [Science 306, 1353 (2004)] is achieved for the first …
We consider layered heterostructures combining ordinary positive index materials and dispersive metamaterials. We show that these structures can exhibit a new type of photonic gap around frequencies where either the magnetic permeability μor the electric permittivity εof the metamaterial is zero. Although the interface of a semi-infinite medium with zero refractive index (a condition attained either when μ= 0 or when ε= 0) is known to give full reflectivity for all incident polarizations, here we show that a gap corresponding to μ= 0 occurs only for TE polarized waves, whereas a gap correspond…
The exciting discovery of topological condensed matter systems has lately triggered a search for their photonic analogs, motivated by the possibility of robust backscattering-immune light transport. However, topological photonic phases have so far only been observed in photonic crystals and waveguide arrays, which are inherently physically wavelength scaled, hindering their application in compact subwavelength systems. In this letter, we tackle this problem by patterning the deep subwavelength resonant elements of metamaterials onto specific lattices, and create crystalline metamaterials that …
Two-color all-optical switching in Si-compatible epsilon-near-zero hyperbolic metamaterials
本文提出一种硅兼容的介电常数近零双曲超材料，实现可见与近红外双波长超快全光开关，开关时间达数百飞秒，可应用于太赫兹调制。
We present a physical explanation of Zitterbewegung-like effect near the zero-refractive-index point in a metamaterial slab in this paper. Between the negative and positive refractive index regions centered at the zero-refractive-index point, the transmittance spectrum distribution of the metamaterial slab is asymmetrical. When a symmetrical pulse propagates through the metamaterial slab, its transmitted spectrum becomes asymmetrical due to the asymmetry of the transmittance spectrum of the slab, leading to a transmitted pulse with an asymmetrical temporal shape. The asymmetry manifests a kind…
Recently the possibility of achieving one-way backscatter immune transportation of light by mimicking the topological order present within certain solid state systems, such as topological insulators, has received much attention. Thus far however, demonstrations of non-trivial topology in photonics have relied on photonic crystals with precisely engineered lattice structures, periodic on the scale of the operational wavelength and composed of finely tuned, complex materials. Here we propose a novel effective medium approach towards achieving topologically protected photonic surface states robus…
We theoretically study the propagation of large-wavevector waves (volume plasmon polaritons) in multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials with two levels of structuring. We show that when the parameters of a subwavelength metal-dielectric multilayer ("substructure") are modulated ("superstructured") on a larger, wavelength scale, the propagation of volume plasmon polaritons in the resulting multiscale hyperbolic metamaterials is subject to photonic band gap phenomena. A great degree of control over such plasmons can be exerted by varying the superstructure geometry. When this geometry is periodic, s…
Can Second-Order Nonlinearity in Metal-Dielectric Metamaterials Pave a Way Toward Elusive Photonic Time Crystals?
研究探讨金属-电介质超材料中二阶非线性能否助力光子时间晶体实现。提出利用ε近零半导体-银超材料的超快二阶非线性的平台，通过低损耗和偏振选择性泵浦，在特定泵浦功率下可打开宽动量带隙并实现净参量增益，为光学光子时间晶体实现提供途径。
We introduce a new "universality class" of artificial optical media - photonic hyper-crystals. These hyperbolic metamaterials with periodic spatial variation of dielectric permittivity on subwavelength scale, combine the features of optical metamaterials and photonic crystals. In particular, surface waves supported by a hyper-crystal, possess the properties of both the optical Tamm states in photonic crystals and surface plasmon polaritons at the metal-dielectric interface.
Photon density of states engineering with generative inverse design for scalable 3D photonic metamaterials
本文提出一种端到端逆向设计框架，通过生成对抗网络生成目标光子密度态参数，实现3D光子超材料的高效设计，展示了高局部光子密度态结构的优异性能。
Confining electromagnetic energy is crucial to enhance light-matter interactions, with important implications for science and technology. Here, we discuss the opportunities offered by trapping and confining light in open structures, based on the concept of embedded eigenstates within the radiation continuum enabled by zero-index metamaterials. Building upon the physical insights offered by our analysis, we put forward a general platform that allows realizing extremely high field enhancements in open structures under external illumination. Structures supporting embedded eigenstates represent a …
A recent computational result suggests that highly confined modes can be realized by all-dielectric metamaterials (S. Jahani et. al., Optica 1, 96 (2014)). This substantially decreases crosstalk between dielectric waveguides, paving the way for high-density photonic circuits. Here, we experimentally demonstrate, on a standard silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform, that using a simple metamaterial between two silicon strip waveguides results in about a 10-fold increase in coupling length. The proposed structure may lead to significant reduction in the size of devices in silicon photonics.
We demonstrate that photonic and phononic crystals consisting of closely spaced inclusions constitute a versatile class of subwavelength metamaterials. Intuitively, the voids and narrow gaps that characterise the crystal form an interconnected network of Helmholtz-like resonators. We use this intuition to argue that these continuous photonic (phononic) crystals are in fact asymptotically equivalent, at low frequencies, to discrete capacitor-inductor (mass-spring) networks whose lumped parameters we derive explicitly. The crystals are tantamount to metamaterials as their entire acoustic branch,…
Flexible but Refractory Single-Crystalline Hyperbolic Metamaterials
本研究通过磁控溅射在柔性云母基底上沉积难熔氮化物超晶格，成功制备出柔性单晶双曲超材料，其在可见至近红外波段具有低损耗、高优值的双频带双曲色散，且在加热和弯曲下保持优异稳定性，为高性能柔性光电器件提供了可扩展的制备途径。
The visionary work of Veselago had inspired intensive research efforts over the last decade, towards the realization of man-made structures with unprecedented electromagnetic (EM) properties. These structures, known as metamaterials, are typically periodic metallic-based resonant structures demonstrating effective constitutive parameters beyond the possibilities of natural material. For example they can exhibit optical magnetism or simultaneously negative effective permeability and permittivity which implies the existence of a negative refractive index. However, also periodic dielectric and po…
We demonstrate the first buried optical waveguides in diamond using focused femtosecond laser pulses. The properties of nitrogen vacancy centers are preserved in the waveguides, making them promising for diamond-based magnetometers or quantum information systems.
When the feature size of photonic structures becomes comparable or even smaller than the wavelength of light, the fabrication imperfections inevitably introduce disorder that may eliminate many functionalities of subwavelength photonic devices. Here we suggest a novel concept to achieve a robust bandgap which can endure disorder beyond 30 as a result of the transition from photonic crystals to Mie-resonant metamaterials. By utilizing Mie-resonant metamaterials with high refractive index, we demonstrate photonic waveguides and cavities with strong robustness to position disorder, thus providing…
Photonic crystals and metamaterials represent two seemingly different classes of artificial electromagnetic media but often they are composed of similar structural elements arranged in periodic lattices. The important question is how to distinguish these two types of periodic photonic structures when their parameters, such as dielectric permittivity and lattice spacing, vary continuously. Here, we discuss transitions between photonic crystals and all-dielectric metamaterials and introduce the concept of a phase diagram and an order parameter for such structured materials, based on the physics …
Electromagnetic absorbers have drawn increasing attention in many areas. A series of plasmonic and metamaterial structures can work as efficient narrow band absorbers due to the excitation of plasmonic or photonic resonances, providing a great potential for applications in designing selective thermal emitters, bio-sensing, etc. In other applications such as solar energy harvesting and photonic detection, the bandwidth of light absorbers is required to be quite broad. Under such a background, a variety of mechanisms of broadband/multiband absorption have been proposed, such as mixing multiple r…
We present a theoretical study of electromagnetic surface waves localized at an interface separating a conventional uniform medium and a semi-infinite 1-D photonic crystal made of alternate left-handed metamaterial and right-handed material which we refer to as left-handed photonic crystal. We find novel type of surface mode's structure, the so-called surface Tamm states and demonstrate that the presence of metamaterial in the photonic crystal structure allows for a flexible control of the dispersion properties of surface states, and can support the Tamm states with a backward energy flow and …
Photonic scattering materials, such as biological tissue and white paper, are made of randomly positioned nanoscale inhomogeneities in refractive index that lead to multiple scattering of light. Typically these materials, both naturally-occurring or man-made, are formed through self assembly of the scattering inhomogeneities, which imposes challenges in tailoring the disorder and hence the optical properties. Here, We report on the nanofabrication of photonic scattering media using direct laser writing with deterministic design. These deterministic scattering media consist of submicron thick p…
New horizons in near-zero refractive index photonics and hyperbolic metamaterials
本文概述了近零折射率和双曲超材料在光与热发射、非线性光学、传感及时变光子学等新兴领域的研究现状、挑战及其对控制光与物质相互作用的重要意义。
We design an all-dielectric Lüneburg lens as an adiabatic space-variant lattice explicitly accounting for finite film thickness. We describe an all-analytical approach to compensate for the finite height of subwavelength dielectric structures in the pass-band regime. This method calculates the effective refractive index of the infinite-height lattice from effective medium theory, then embeds a medium of the same effective index into a slab waveguide of finite height and uses the waveguide dispersion diagram to calculate a new effective index. The results are compared with the conventional nume…
The polarization controlled optical signal routing has many important applications in photonics such as polarization beam splitter. By using two-dimensional transmission lines with lumped elements, we experimentally demonstrate the selective excitation of guided modes in waveguides composed of two kinds of single-negative metamaterials. A localized, circularly polarized emitter placed near the interface of the two kinds of single-negative metamaterials only couples with one guided mode with a specific propagating direction determined by the polarization handedness of the source. Moreover, this…
Topological valley photonics has emerged as a new frontier in photonics with many promising applications. Previous valley boundary transport relies on kink states at internal boundaries between two topologically distinct domains. However, recent studies have revealed a novel class of topological chiral edge states (CESs) at external boundaries of valley materials, which have remained elusive in photonics. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate the topological CESs in valley photonic metamaterials (VPMMs) by accurately tuning on-site edge potentials. Moreover, the VPMMs work at deep-su…
The interaction of light with subwavelength metallic nano-structures is at the heart of different current scientific hot topics, namely plasmonics, metamaterials and nanoantennas. Research in these disciplines during the last decade has given rise to new, powerful concepts providing an unprecedented degree of control over light manipulation at the nanoscale. However, only recently have these concepts been used to increase the capabilities of light processing in current photonic integrated circuits (PICs), which traditionally rely only on dielectric materials with element sizes larger than the …
Controlling light propagation using artificial photonic crystals and electromagnetic metamaterials is an important topic in the vibrant field of photonics. Notably, chiral edge states on the surface or at the interface of photonic Chern insulators can be used to make reflection-free waveguides. Here, by both theoretical analysis and electromagnetic simulations, we demonstrate that gyromagnetic hyperbolic metamaterials (GHM) are photonic Chern insulators with superior properties. As a novel mechanism, the simultaneous occurrence of the hyperbolic and gyromagnetic effects in these metamaterials …
The possibility of compensating absorption in negative-index metatamterials (NIMs) doped by resonant nonlinear-optical centers is shown. The role of quantum interference and extraordinary properties of four-wave parametric amplification of counter-propagating electromagnetic waves in NIMs are discussed.
High-fidelity and polarization insensitive universal photonic processors fabricated by femtosecond laser writing
本研究提出基于飞秒激光写入的通用光子处理器平台，实现低损耗、高保真度与偏振不敏感，在785纳米和1550纳米波长下保真度分别达0.9979和0.9970，可提升至0.9990以上，为量子信息处理提供高性能可重构器件。
Graphene photonics has emerged as a promising platform for providing desirable optical functionality. However, graphene's monolayer-scale thickness fundamentally restricts the available light matter interaction, posing a critical design challenge for integrated devices, particularly in wavelength regimes where graphene plasmonics is untenable. While several plasmonic designs have been proposed to enhance graphene light interaction in these regimes, they suffer from substantial insertion loss due to metal absorption. Here we report a non-resonant metamaterial-based waveguide platform to overcom…
A finite element method (FEM) for solving the complex valued k(ω) vs. ω dispersion curve of a 3D metamaterial/photonic crystal system is presented. This 3D method is a generalization of a previously reported 2D eigenvalue method. This method is particularly convenient for analyzing periodic systems containing dispersive (e.g., plasmonic) materials, for computing isofrequency surfaces in the k-space, and for calculating the decay length of the evanescent waves. Two specific examples are considered: a photonic crystal comprised of dielectric spheres and a plasmonic fishnet structure. Hybridizati…
In this work, we demonstrate three ultra-compact integrated-photonics devices, which are designed via a machine-learning algorithm coupled with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling. Through digitizing the design domain into "binary pixels" these digital metamaterials are readily manufacturable as well. By showing a variety of devices (beamsplitters and waveguide bends), we showcase the generality of our approach. With an area footprint smaller than ${λ_0}^2$, our designs are amongst the smallest reported to-date. Our method combines machine learning with digital metamaterials to enabl…
Recent progress in understanding the topological properties of condensed matter has led to the discovery of time-reversal invariant topological insulators. Because of limitations imposed by nature, topologically non-trivial electronic order seems to be uncommon except in small-band-gap semiconductors with strong spin-orbit interactions. In this Article we show that artificial electromagnetic structures, known as metamaterials, provide an attractive platform for designing photonic analogues of topological insulators. We demonstrate that a judicious choice of the metamaterial parameters can crea…
Optical cavities, plasmonic structures, photonic band crystals, interfaces, as well as, generally speaking, any photonic media with homogeneous or spatially inhomogeneous dielectric permittivity (including metamaterials) have local densities of photonic states, which are different from that in vacuum. These modified density of states environments are known to control both the rate and angular distribution of spontaneous emission. In the present study, we ask the question whether the proximity to metallic and metamaterial surfaces can affect other physical phenomena of fundamental and practical…
Hole-Based Stealthy Hyperuniform Semiconductor Metamaterials for the Mid-Infrared
该研究设计制备了基于孔洞的中红外隐秘超均匀半导体超材料，兼具类光子晶体带隙特性与空间各向同性，在12.0μm处带隙比达9.8%，为大角度光学图像处理提供了新方案。
Condensed matter systems with topological order and metamaterials with left-handed chirality have attracted recently extensive interests in the fields of physics and optics. So far the two fields are independent, and there is no work to address their connection. Here we propose to establish the relation between the topological order in condensed matter systems and the chirality in metamaterials, by mapping explicitly Maxwell's equations to the Dirac equation in one dimension. We report an experimental implement of the band inversion in the Dirac equation, which accompanies change of chirality …
Control of the local photonic density of states above magneto-optical metamaterials
本文研究外磁场作用下磁光超材料附近的局域光子态密度，证明通过改变磁场取向或大小可在窄或宽光谱范围内高效调控 LDOS，为深亚波长尺度主动控制光子态密度提供途径。
Here we theoretically show, by designing and manipulating spatially inhomogeneous, non-uniform conductivity patterns across a single flake of graphene, that this single-atom-layered material can serve as a "one-atom-thick" platform for infrared metamaterials and transformation optical devices. It is known that by varying the chemical potential using gate electric and/or magnetic fields, the graphene conductivity in the THz and IR frequencies can be changed. This versatility provides the possibility that different "patches" on a single flake of graphene possess different conductivities, suggest…
Two-qubit quantum photonic processor manufactured by femtosecond laser writing
本研究利用飞秒激光直写技术制造了低损耗可重构的双量子比特光子量子处理器，通过完全过程层析表征了门性能，并基于变分量子本征求解算法演示了计算H2分子基态能量，证明了该技术在构建高质量小规模量子处理器方面的潜力。
Over the past decade, topology has garnered great attention in a wide area of physics. In particular, it has exerted influence on photonics because carefully engineered photonic crystals and metamaterials can help explore the non-trivial state of materials. In this regard, all dielectric metamaterials with large anisotropy, and dipole and multipole Mie resonators have played an increasingly important role in topological photonics. Advantages of Mie resonators make it possible to quest for non-trivial states in three dimensions and theoretical calculation supports its potential. However, it is …
We present here our recent progress in the three-dimensional (3D) direct laser writing (DLW) of step-index core waveguides inside diverse technologically relevant dielectric substrates, with specific emphasis on the demonstration of DLW mid-infrared waveguiding in the whole transparency range of these materials.
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