Kohtaroh Miura, Takashi Z. Nakano, Akira Ohnishi
We study the phase diagram of quark matter at finite temperature and density in the strong coupling lattice QCD with one species of unrooted staggered fermions including finite coupling ($1/g^2$) effects for color SU($N_c$). We find that we may have partially chiral restored medium density matter at $N_c=3$, which would correspond to the quarkyonic matter suggested at large $N_c$.
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At high baryon number density, it has been proposed that a new phase of QCD matter controls the physics. This matter is confining but can have densities much larger than $Λ^3_{QCD}$ QCD. Its existence is argued from large Nc approximations, and model computations. It is approximately chirally symmetric.
After combined character and hopping expansions and integration over the spatial gauge links, lattice QCD reduces to a three-dimensional $SU(3)$ Polyakov loop model with complicated interactions. A simple truncation of the effective theory is valid for heavy quarks on reasonably fine lattices and can be solved by linked cluster expansion in its effective couplings. This was used ealier to demonstrate the onset transition to baryon matter in the cold and dense regime. Repeating these studies for general $N_c$, one finds that for large $N_c$ the onset transition becomes first-order, and the pres…
Here we overview a possible mechanism for confining but chirally symmetric matter at low temperatures and large densities.
We consider Quarkyonic Matter to naturally explain the observed properties of neutron stars. We argue that such matter might exist at densities close to that of nuclear matter and at the onset, the pressure and the sound velocity in Quarkyonic matter increase rapidly. In the limit of large number of quark colors $N_c$, this transition is characterized by a discontinuous change in pressure as a function of baryon number density. We make a simple model of Quarkyonic matter and show that generically the sound velocity is a non-monotonic function of density -- it reaches a maximum at relatively lo…
We present results from simulations of Two Color QCD with two Wilson quark flavors in the presence of a quark chemical potential mu at two different lattice spacings. The equation of state, conformal anomaly, superfluid order parameter and Polyakov line are all discussed. Our results suggest that the transition from hadronic to quark matter, and that from confined to deconfined matter occur at distinct values of mu, consistent with the existence of a quarkyonic phase in this model.
We overview a possible mechanism for confining but chirally symmetric matter at low temperatures and large densities. As a new development we employ a diffused quark Fermi surface and show that such diffusion does not destroy possible existence of a confining but chirally symmetric matter at low temperatures and large density.
We explore the inhomogeneous QCD phases at finite density and temperature using a (3+1)-dimensional Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model in the large Nc limit with an additional attractive tensor-tensor interaction channel. For single modulated solutions, the problem reduces to solving the gap equation of a Chiral Gross-Neveu (NJL2) theory, whose minimum solution is a periodic array of chirally twisted kinks. At zero temperature, the minimum solution reduces to the quarkyonic chiral spiral found in quarkyonic matter. The connection between the quarkyonic matter and our (3+1)-dimensional NJL model is…
In this Addendum to our recent paper, Phys. Rev. D 77, 054027 (2008), we point out that a chiral restoration phase transition in a quarkyonic matter at low temperatures is of second order within a manifestly confining and chirally symmetric large $N_c$ model. This result is qualitatively different as compared to NJL and NJL-like models that are not confining and might have some implications for the existence or nonexistence of the critical end point in the QCD phase diagram.
We demonstrate an exact cancellation of the infrared divergences in the color-singlet quarkyonic matter with the 1/p^4 Coulomb-like confining interaction both in the chiral symmetry broken and restored regimes.
Ferromagnetic instabilities in quarkyonic matter
本研究扩展夸克物质模型引入自旋极化，发现低密度下纯中子物质因自旋依赖吸引作用与动能竞争产生铁磁不稳定性，对中子星磁性有重要影响。
Quarkyonic matter and quarkyonic stars in an extended RMF model
该研究结合RMF模型与含密度依赖夸克质量的等效粒子模型，构建夸克-强子相模型，统一研究核物质、夸克物质和夸克-强子物质性质，发现夸克-强子相变可优化物态方程以满足实验和天体物理约束。
The possibility that nuclear matter at a density relevant to the interior of massive neutron stars may be a quarkynoic matter has attracted considerable recent interest. In this work, we construct a field theoretical model to describe the quarkyonic matter, that would allow quantitative and systematic calculations of its various properties. This is implemented by synthesizing the Walecka model together with the quark-meson model, where both quark and nucleon degrees of freedom are present based on the quarkyonic scenario. With this model we compute at mean-field level the thermodynamic propert…
Lattice QCD with heavy quarks reduces to a three-dimensional effective theory of Polyakov loops, which is amenable to series expansion methods. We analyse the effective theory in the cold and dense regime for a general number of colours, $N_c$. In particular, we investigate the transition from a hadron gas to baryon condensation. For any finite lattice spacing, we find the transition to become stronger, i.e. ultimately first-order, as $N_c$ is made large. Moreover, in the baryon condensed regime, we find the pressure to scale as $p\sim N_c$ through three orders in the hopping expansion. Such a…
The appearance of a new phase of QCD, Quarkyonic Matter in the limit of large number of colors is studied within Nambu-Jona-Lassinio effective chiral model coupled to the Polyakov loop. The interplay of this novel QCD phase with chiral symmetry restoration and color deconfinement is discussed. We find that at vanishing temperature and at large $N_c$, the quarkyonic transition occurs at densities only slightly lower than that expected for the chiral transition. This property is also shown to be valid at finite temperature if the temperature is less than that of deconfinement. The position and $…
We point out a new configuration in the Witten-Sakai-Sugimoto model, allowing baryons in the pointlike approximation to coexist with fundamental quarks. The resulting phase is a holographic realization of quarkyonic matter, which is predicted to occur in QCD at a large number of colors, and possibly plays a role in real-world QCD as well. We find that holographic quarkyonic matter is chirally symmetric and that, for large baryon chemical potentials, it is energetically preferred over pure nuclear matter and over pure quark matter. The zero-temperature transition from nuclear matter to the quar…
We argue that features of hadron production in relativistic nuclear collisions, mainly at CERN-SPS energies, may be explained by the existence of three forms of matter: Hadronic Matter, Quarkyonic Matter, and a Quark-Gluon Plasma. We suggest that these meet at a triple point in the QCD phase diagram. Some of the features explained, both qualitatively and semi-quantitatively, include the curve for the decoupling of chemical equilibrium, along with the non-monotonic behavior of strange particle multiplicity ratios at center of mass energies near 10 GeV. If the transition(s) between the three pha…
Quarkyonic matter with chiral symmetry restoration
本文通过结合夸克子物质框架与宇称双重态模型，引入手征不变质量，构建了描述对称核物质中强子-夸克平滑过渡的统一模型，并推导了状态方程，预测高密度下夸克自由度逐渐出现。
Might Normal Nuclear Matter be Quarkyonic?
本研究通过含σ介子和π介子相互作用的IdylliQ σ模型探讨核物质的夸克胶子特性，发现同位旋对称核物质可束缚，低动量核子耗竭与电子散射数据一致。
Inspired by the excluded volume model for isospin symmetric quarkyonic matter, we construct an `excluded volume' model for a charge neutral quarkyonic phase whose hadronic sector contains only neutrons. We refer to this model as quarkyonic neutron matter. We compute the equation of state for this model and solve the Tolman-Oppenhermer-Volkoff equations to obtain mass and radius relations relevant for neutron stars. The most straightforward extension of the model for symmetric quarkyonic matter to quarkyonic neutron matter does not satisfy the mass radius constraints from neutron star measureme…
This work extends our previous study of isospin symmetric quarkyonic matter to quarkyonic neutron matter which might be relevant to the inner cores of neutron stars. The vector-isovector $ρ$ mesons are introduced to the model mainly to account for isospin density interactions, just like $ω$ meson for baryon density interactions. The modified Lagrangian still preserves approximate chiral symmetry which could be significantly broken at lower density. And new free parameters are fixed by adopting the experimental constraints on the symmetry energy and its slope at saturation density. Eventually, …
We calculate the Bremsstrahlung photon spectrum emitted from dynamically evolving quarkyonic matter, and compare this spectrum with that of a high chemical potential quark-gluon plasma as well as to a hadron gas. We find that the transverse momentum distribution and the harmonic coefficient is markedly different in the three cases. The transverse momentum distribution of quarkyonic matter can be fit with an exponential, but is markedly steeper than the distribution expected for the quark-gluon plasma or a hadron gas, even at the lower temperatures expected in the critical point region. The qua…
Quarkyonic picture of isospin QCD
本文提出同位旋QCD物质在夸克子框架下的新图像，由π介子凝聚和自由夸克构成，其起始密度可低于两倍核饱和密度，并与格点QCD及微扰结果一致。
We introduce a theoretical framework to analyze the thermal properties of a recently proposed "excluded volume" model of quarkyonic matter. This entails proposing finite temperature distribution functions and entropy functionals constrained by internal theoretical consistency. We use the formalism developed here to analyze the effect of temperature on the quark onset as a function of baryon density. We find that the baryon density at which the quarkyonic phase emerges decreases only slightly with temperature, an effect produced by large $N_c$. We furthermore find that a finite temperature incr…
A dual description of quarks and baryons: Quarkyonic matter within a relativistic quark model
本文基于双夸克性图景和夸克-介子耦合模型，研究了夸克性物质的性质，发现核相互作用会改变方程状态的高密度行为和声速，且夸克性模型比非相互作用高斯夸克性模型更早达到夸克饱和。
It has recently been suggested that at a reasonably large chemical potential a confining quarkyonic matter is formed that consists of the quark Fermi sea and confined hadrons on top of this Fermi sea. We study some properties of this matter. It is demonstrated that below the chiral restoration point there are gapless excitations of this matter through excitations of the Goldstone bosons. Above the chiral restoration point the single quarks are still removed from the spectrum of excitations and the only possible excitations are confined color-singlet hadrons with finite mass. Hence there appear…
Quarkyonic Model for Neutron Star Matter: A Relativistic Mean-Field Approach
本文采用相对论平均场方法构建夸克子物质状态方程，研究静态中子星性质，发现其可支持约2.8倍太阳质量的中子星，且声速与QCD共形极限一致，潮汐形变符合GW170817和GW190425观测约束。
Momentum Shell in Quarkyonic Matter from Explicit Duality: A Dual Model for Cold, Dense QCD
该模型通过夸克-重子对偶关系统一描述冷致密QCD物质，解析求解发现低密度核物质区与高密度夸克物质区，后者形成动量壳层，并导致状态方程由软变硬、压力骤增。
We examine the phase diagram of hadronic matter when the number of colours $N_c$, as well as temperature and density, are varied. We show that in this regime a new percolation phase transition is possible, and examine the implications of this transition for extrapolations to physical QCD of the large-N_c limit.
$f$-mode oscillations of dark matter admixed quarkyonic neutron star
本研究在Cowling近似下系统研究了含暗物质的夸克物质中子星的$f$-模振荡，发现转变密度、QCD禁闭尺度和暗物质费米动量显著影响振荡频率，但振荡性质间的普适关系依然稳健。
During the last years it has become possible to address the cold and dense regime of QCD directly for sufficiently heavy quarks, where combined strong coupling and hopping expansions are convergent and a 3d effective theory can be derived, which allows to control the sign problem either in simulations or by fully analytic calculations. In this contribution we review the effective theory and study the $N_c$-dependence of the nuclear liquid gas transition, as well as the equation of state of baryonic matter in the strong coupling limit. We find the transition to become more strongly first order …
I describe a novel mechanism where the variation of an $ω_0$ condensate can generate a "spike" in the speed of sound in hadronic matter. An $ω_0$ condensate naturally increases the speed of sound; the real problem is how to get the speed of sound to decrease. I suggest this can happen through the appearance of a Quantum Pion Liquid.
Based on the fact that the constituent quark model reproduces the recent lattice result on baryon-baryon repulsion at short distance and that it includes the quark dynamics with confinement, we analyze to what extent the quarkyonic modes appear in the phase space of baryons as one increases the density before only quark dynamics and hence deconfinement occurs. We find that as one increases the baryon density, the initial quark mode that appears will involve the $d(u)$-quark from a neutron (proton), which will leave the most attractive ($ud$) diquark intact.
The phase space structure of zero temperature Quarkyonic Matter is a Fermi sphere of Quark Matter, surrounded by a shell of Nucleonic Matter. We construct a quasi particle model of Quarkyonic Matter based on the constituent quark model, where the quark and nucleon masses are related by m_Q = m_N/N_c, and N_c is the number of quark colors. The region of occupied states is for quarks k_Q < k_F/N_c, and for nucleons k_F < k_N < k_F + Δ. We first consider the general problem of Quarkyonic Matter with hard core nucleon interactions. We then specialize to a quasi-particle model where the hard core n…
Quantum van der Waals quarkyonic matter at non-zero isospin asymmetry
本文将量子范德瓦尔斯夸克子物质推广至非零同位旋不对称性，通过对称能约束确定相互作用参数，并结合轻子计算中子星状态方程，发现夸克子物质可支持至少2.6倍太阳质量的中子星，且同位旋依赖排斥模型更符合观测。
The single-flavor excluded-volume model based on the effective size of baryons reproduces the hard-soft density evolution of the equation of state (EoS) required by the recent studies of GW170817. This phenomenological model basically realizes the concept of quarkyonic matter which is introduced from large-$N_{c}$ gauge theory for dense matter. Enhanced nucleon interactions and dynamically generated quark degrees of freedom can reproduce the hard-soft evolution of the EoS. In this paper, we extend the excluded-volume model to a three-flavor system by considering electromagnetic charge and poss…
Thermal Quarkyonic Matter and Its Implications for Neutron Star Structure
针对致密核物质与中子星组成的开放问题，本文提出考虑位置与动量依赖相互作用的热夸克胶子物质唯象模型，可显著影响状态方程与中子星性质，能通过观测数据约束参数提升可靠性。
Statistical Mechanics of Quarkyonic Matter
本文在IdylliQ模型框架下，扩展了零温条件下夸克离子态物质的理论描述，考虑非零温度下的统计力学和巨正则系综，推导了熵密度定义并探讨了温度与化学势差异对热力学的影响。
Quark saturation in the QCD phase diagram
本研究通过IdylliQ模型的汤川假设确定夸克相空间密度达1时的夸克物质起始阈值，分析不同温度下各强子及共振态的贡献，划定参数不确定性范围，为QCD相图中夸克物质的可能存在区域提供估算。
Color-superconducting quarkyonic matter
本研究探讨了颜色超导性在夸克性物质中的作用，通过引入配对间隙的动量依赖性，扩展了夸克性框架，为中子星中平滑的夸克-强子转变提供了新的研究工具。
Dark Matter Influence on Quarkyonic Stars: A Relativistic Mean Field Analysis
本研究通过相对论平均场方法，在夸克子物质模型中引入费米子暗物质，分析其对中子星结构的影响，发现夸克子物质硬化状态方程而暗物质软化，二者结合可满足观测约束。
Quarkyonic equation of state with a momentum dependent interaction and neutron star structure
本文提出动量依赖相互作用的夸克子物质唯象模型，研究其对状态方程形状和中子星性质的影响，并通过与观测数据比较约束模型参数。
Quantum van der Waals theory meets quarkyonic matter
本研究将量子范德瓦尔斯理论引入夸克物质排除体积模型，得到符合核物质经验性质的状态方程，预言中能重离子碰撞可达密度下的夸克物质转变及声速峰，并验证重子夸克物质方案的能量优势。
Quarkyonic or baryquark matter? On the dynamical generation of momentum space shell structure
本研究对比了零温度下夸克与核子混合物的两种费米海-壳层结构方案，发现baryquark matter比quarkyonic matter在能量上更受青睐且声速行为更合理，指出需修改动力学机制以保留quarkyonic matter。
We suggest an extension to isospin asymmetric matter of the quarkyonic model from McLerran and Reddy. This extension allows us to construct the $β$-equilibrium between quarks, nucleons and leptons. The concept of the quarkyonic matter originates from the large number of color limit for which nucleons are the correct degrees of freedom near the Fermi surface -- reflecting the confining forces -- while deep inside the Fermi sea quarks naturally appear. In isospin asymmetric matter, we suggest that this new concept can be implemented within a global isoscalar relation between the shell gaps diffe…
We extend the excluded-volume model of isospin symmetric two-flavor dense quarkyonic matter [Phys. Rev. C 101, 035201 (2020)] including strange particles and address its implications for neutron stars. The effective sizes of baryons are defined from the diverging hard-core potentials in the short interdistance regime. Around the hard-core density, the repulsive core between baryons at short distances leads to a saturation in the number density of baryons and generates perturbative quarks from the lower phase space, which leads to the shell-like distribution of baryons by the Pauli exclusion pr…
Dark Matter Effects on the Curvature of Neutron Stars within the new Quarkyonic Model Coupled with Relativistic Mean Field Theory
本研究首次结合夸克子有效场论与相对论平均场模型，分析暗物质对中子星曲率的影响，发现暗物质软化物态方程、降低中心压力，而转变密度增强致密性，为理解奇异物质致密天体提供新视角。
We study the color-spin interaction energy of a quark, a diquark and a baryon with their surrounding baryons and/or quark matter. This is accomplished by classifying all possible flavor and spin states of the resulting multiquark configuration in both the flavor SU(2) and SU(3) symmetric cases. We find that while the baryon has the lowest interaction energy when there is only a single surrounding baryon, the quark has the lowest interaction energy when the surrounding has more than three baryons or becomes a quark gas. As the short range nucleon-nucleon interactions are dominated by the color-…
Quark matter may appear due to a hadronic-quark transition in the core of a hybrid star. Quarkyonic matter is an approach in which both quarks and nucleons appear as quasi-particles in a crossover transition, and provides an explicit realization of early ideas concerning quark matter (e.g., the MIT bag model). This description has recently been employed by McLerran and Reddy to model chargeless (pure neutron) matter with an approach that has the virtue that the speed of sound rises quickly at a neutron-quark transition so as to satisfy observational constraints on the neutron star maximum mass…
Universality in Space Time $ω$ modes of Quarkyonic Stars
本文研究了夸克离子星的$ω$模式，发现其谱特征与EOS关系不大，且具有独特的模式签名。
Quarkyonic matter with strangeness in an extended relativistic mean-field model
本文基于扩展 RMF 模型研究 quarkyonic 物质，考虑 strangeness 自由度，揭示了超子对中子星质量和半径的影响以及方程状态的软化特性。
We examine the interplay between the percolation and the deconfinement phase transitions of Yang-Mills matter at finite temperature, quark chemical potential $μ_Q$ and number of colors $N_c$. We find that, whereas the critical $N_c$ for percolation goes down with density, the critical $N_c$ for confinement generally goes up. Because of this, Yang-Mills matter falls into two qualitatively different regimes: the "low-$N_c$ limit", where percolation does not occur because matter deconfines before it percolates, and the high-$N_c$ limit, where there are three distinct phases characterizing Yang-Mi…
Quarkyonic Mean Field Theory
本文提出零温夸克子物质的平均场理论，用矢量与标量相互作用处理核子，结合唯象假设描述夸克费米海，实现从低密度到高密度饱和物质的转变。
Observable Signatures of a Quarkyonic Phase in Neutron Stars
研究通过贝叶斯推断发现夸克性相中子星的可观察特征，通过质量半径关系斜率和中心声速区分其与纯核子恒星。
Probing Quarkyonic Matter in Neutron Stars with the Bayesian Nuclear-Physics Multi-Messenger Astrophysics Framework
本文利用NMMA框架结合中子星多信使观测约束夸克子物质模型，发现两倍太阳质量中子星核心可含约0.13倍太阳质量的夸克，并给出1.4倍太阳质量中子星半径约束。
Quarkyonic Stars with Strangeness
研究提出夸克物质框架扩展，含u、d、s夸克与重子八重态。通过施加β平衡确定夸克分数，用有效相互作用描述强子部分。发现夸克机制可降低超子出现临界密度、提高超子星最大质量，缓解超子难题。
Evolution of strangeness and hyperons in quarkyonic matter
研究从核物质到夸克密度转变过程中物质组成的演变，通过扩展Quarkyonic物质的理想模型IdylliQ模型至多味系统，探讨夸克饱和对超子出现延迟及中子星方程的影响。
A new phase of dense QCD proposed in the limit of large number of colors, Quarkyonic Phase, is discussed in chiral approaches. The interplay between chiral symmetry breaking and confinement together with the $N_c$ dependence of the phase diagram are dealt with in the PNJL model. We also discuss a possible phase at finite density where chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken while its center remains unbroken. The quark number susceptibility exhibits a strong enhancement at the restoration point of the center symmetry rather than that of the chiral symmetry. This is reminiscent of the quarkyonic…
Quarkyonic matter and hadron-quark crossover from an ultracold atom perspective
本文从超冷原子实验的角度出发，提出一种场论框架来描述介子-夸克交叉转变，通过类比玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体到巴丁-库珀-施里弗（BEC-BCS）交叉转变，揭示了速度声峰和重子动量壳结构的三重波动效应，为夸克离子物质模型提供了微观推导。
Core or Halo? Two-Fluid Analysis of Dark Matter-Admixed Quarkyonic Stars in the Multi-Messenger Era
本文提出双流体框架研究暗物质混合夸克星，发现其可达到GW190814质量范围，并区分核心与晕形态，与多信使观测约束一致。
We present a field theoretical description of quarkyonic matter consisting of quark, nucleon and ghost fields coupling to mesonic degrees of freedom. The ghosts are present to cancel over-counting of nucleon states that are Pauli blocked by the quark Fermi sea. Such a theory becomes an effective field theory of nucleons at low baryon density, and as such will reproduce nucleonic matter phenomenology. This theory can accommodate chiral symmetry restoration and the dynamical generation of a shell of nucleons at the Fermi surface. It is valid for finite temperature and density. In such a theory, …
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