Marc Lackenby
We prove that every finitely generated Kleinian group that contains a finite, non-cyclic subgroup either is finite or virtually free or contains a surface subgroup. Hence, every arithmetic Kleinian group contains a surface subgroup.
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We show that every finitely-generated free subgroup of a right-angled, co-compact Kleinian reflection group is contained in a surface subgroup.
Let Gamma < PSL_2(C) be discrete, cofinite volume, and noncocompact. We prove that for all K > 1, there is a subgroup H < Gamma that is K-quasiconformally conjugate to a discrete cocompact subgroup of PSL_2(R). Along with previous work of Kahn and Markovic, this proves that every finite covolume Kleinian group has a nearly Fuchsian surface subgroup.
Using the rings of Lipschitz and Hurwitz integers $\mathbb{H}(\mathbb{Z})$ and $\mathbb{H}ur(\mathbb{Z})$ in the quaternion division algebra $\mathbb{H}$, we define several Kleinian discrete subgroups of $PSL(2,\mathbb{H})$
Subgroups of Genus-2 Quasi-Fuchsian groups and Cocompact Kleinian Groups
本文研究余紧Kleinian群中曲面子群的几何控制，证明对任意亏格2拟Fuchs群和余紧Kleinian群，存在曲面子群与有限指标子群拟共形共轭。
We characterize finitely generated torsion-free Kleinian groups for which the real length spectrum (without multiplicities) is discrete.
Classical Kleinian groups are discrete subgroups of isometries of H n. The well-known theory of Kleinian groups starts with the definition of their associated limit set in the boundary of H n , and includes the geometric properties of the quotient hyperbolic space. This approach, naively applied, fails in the Lorentzian analogue anti-de Sitter space: discrete subgroups do not act properly discontinuously, and in many cases the set of accumulation points of orbits at the conformal boundary at infinity depends on the orbit. In this survey, we point out a way to extend this classical theory by in…
We continue here the investigation of the relationship between the intersection of a pair of subgroups of a Kleinian group, and in particular the limit set of that intersection, and the intersection of the limit sets of the subgroups. Of specific interest is the extent to which the intersection of the limit sets being non-empty implies that the intersection of the subgroups is non-trivial. We present examples to show that a conjecture of Susskind, stating that the intersection of the sets of conical limit points of subgroups $Φ$ and $Θ$ of a Kleinian group $Γ$ is contained in the limit set of …
In this paper, we assume that $G$ is a finitely generated torsion free non-elementary Kleinian group with $Ω(G)$ nonempty. We show that the maximal number of elements of $G$ that can be pinched is precisely the maximal number of rank 1 parabolic subgroups that any group isomorphic to $G$ may contain. A group with this largest number of rank 1 maximal parabolic subgroups is called {\it maximally parabolic}. We show such groups exist. We state our main theorems concisely here. Theorem I. The limit set of a maximally parabolic group is a circle packing; that is, every component of its regular set…
Let $G$ be a non-elementary discrete subgroup of $\mathrm{Sp}(2,1)$. We show that if the sum of diagonal entries of each element of $G$ is a complex number, then $G$ is conjugate to a subgroup of $\mathrm{U}(2,1)$.
In this paper, we obtain several results on the commensurability of two Kleinian groups and their limit sets. We prove that two finitely generated subgroups $G_1$ and $G_2$ of an infinite co-volume Kleinian group $G \subset \Isom(\mathbf{H}^3)$ having $Λ(G_1) = Λ(G_2)$ are commensurable. In particular, it is proved that any finitely generated subgroup $H$ of a Kleinian group $G \subset \Isom(\mathbf{H}^3)$ with $Λ(H) = Λ(G)$ is of finite index if and only if $H$ is not a virtually fiber subgroup.
For a torsion free Kleinian group $Γ$ without parabolics, we consider the decomposition of the limit set $L(Γ)$ into conical and ending limit sets and compare the Patterson-Sullivan measure with the harmonic measure on $L(Γ)$ when $L(Γ)=S^2_\infty$.
Let $Γ$ be a nonelementary discrete subgroup of SU(n,1) or Sp(n,1). We show that if the trace field of $Γ$ is contained in $\mathbb R$, $Γ$ preserves a totally geodesic submanifold of constant negative sectional curvature. Furthermore if $Γ$ is irreducible, $Γ$ is a Zariski dense irreducible discrete subgroup of SO(n,1) up to conjugation. This is an analog of a theorem of Maskit for general semisimple Lie groups of rank $1$.
Let $Γ$ be a nonelementary discrete subgroup of $\mathrm{Sp}(n,1)$. We show that if the trace skew-field of $Γ$ is commutative, then $Γ$ stabilizes a copy of complex hyperbolic subspace of quaternionic hyperbolic $n$-space.
We prove that the rank problem is decidable in the class of torsion-free word-hyperbolic Kleinian groups. We also show that every group in this class has only finitely many Nielsen equivalence classes of generating sets of a given cardinality.
We show that $Γ< \textbf{SU}(3,1)$ is a non-elementary complex hyperbolic Kleinian group in which $tr(γ) \in \R$ for all $γ\in Γ$ if and only if $Γ$ is conjugate to a subgroup of $\textbf{SO}(3,1)$ or $\textbf{SU}(1,1)\times\textbf{SU}(2)$.
We consider a finitely generated torsion free Kleinian group $H$ and a random walk on $H$ with respect to a symmetric nondegenerate probability measure $μ$ with finite support. When $H$ is geometrically infinite without parabolics or when $H$ is Gromov hyperbolic with parabolics, we prove that the Patterson-Sullivan measure is singular with respect to the harmonic measure coming from $μ$.
Combinations and chromatography of paths of Kleinian groups
研究\(n\)维双曲空间等距群无挠离散子群集合\(\mathcal{D}_n\)上查布蒂拓扑的连续路径，证明组合定理构造奇异路径，引入‘层析’技术证明分解定理刻画\(\mathcal{D}_3\)中凸紧群路径。
A positive integer $m$ will be called a {\it finitistic order} for an element $γ$ of a group $Γ$ if there exist a finite group $G$ and a homomorphism $h:Γ\to G$ such that $h(γ)$ has order $m$ in $G$. It is shown that up to conjugacy, all but finitely many elements of a given finitely generated, torsion-free Kleinian group admit a given integer $m>2$ as a finitistic order.
Kleinian viewpoints on higher rank worlds
本文探讨了克莱因群理论在高秩李群中的应用，旨在引导研究者关注离散子群的性质与相关数学结构。
We study the closed group of homeomorphisms of the boundary of real hyperbolic space generated by a cocompact Kleinian group $G_1$ and a quasiconformal conjugate $h^{-1}G_2 h$ of a cocompact group $G_2$. We show that if the conjugacy $h$ is not conformal then this group contains a non-trivial one parameter subgroup. This leads to rigidity results; for example, Mostow rigidity is an immediate consequence. We are also able to prove a relative version of Mostow rigidity, called pattern rigidity. For a cocompact group $G$, by a $G$-invariant pattern we mean a $G$-invariant collection of closed pro…
We show that there exist infinitely many commensurability classes of finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifolds whose fundamental group contains a subgroup which is locally free but not free. The main technical tool is the fact that a collection of hyperbolic 3-manifolds of bounded volume contains infinitely many commensurability classes. The result then by an application of Thurston's hyperbolization theorem for Haken 3-manifolds.
Symmetric Decompositions of Free Kleinian Groups and Hyperbolic Displacements
研究自由 Klein 群中由对称等距子集产生的双曲位移，证明二生成元群在长度至多 k 时的统一位移下界，并对纯双曲有限生成自由群提出进一步下界猜想。
Let M^3 be a compact, oriented, irreducible, and boundary incompressible 3-manifold. Assume that its fundamental group is without rank two abelian subgroups and its boundary is non-empty. We will show that every homomorphism from pi_1(M) to PSL(2,C) which is not `boundary elementary' is induced by a possibly branched complex projective structure on the boundary of a hyperbolic manifold homeomorphic to M.
We propose several common extensions of the classes of Anosov subgroups and geometrically finite Kleinian groups among discrete subgroups of semisimple Lie groups. We relativize various dynamical and coarse geometric characterizations of Anosov subgroups given in our earlier work, extending the class from intrinsically hyperbolic to relatively hyperbolic subgroups. We prove implications and equivalences between the various relativizations.
Let $ Γ< PSL_2(\mathbb{C}) $ be a Zariski dense finitely generated Kleinian group. We show all Radon measures on $ PSL_2(\mathbb{C}) / Γ$ which are ergodic and invariant under the action of the horospherical subgroup are either supported on a single closed horospherical orbit or quasi-invariant with respect to the geodesic frame flow and its centralizer. We do this by applying a result of Landesberg and Lindenstrauss together with fundamental results in the theory of 3-manifolds, most notably the Tameness Theorem by Agol and Calegari-Gabai.
A Kleinian group $Γ< \mathrm{Isom}(\mathbb H^3)$ is called convex cocompact if any orbit of $Γ$ in $\mathbb H^3$ is quasiconvex or, equivalently, $Γ$ acts cocompactly on the convex hull of its limit set in $\partial \mathbb H^3$. Subgroup stability is a strong quasiconvexity condition in finitely generated groups which is intrinsic to the geometry of the ambient group and generalizes the classical quasiconvexity condition above. Importantly, it coincides with quasiconvexity in hyperbolic groups and convex cocompactness in mapping class groups. Using the Morse boundary, we develop an equivalent…
We survey the analogy between Kleinian groups and subgroups of the mapping class group of a surface.
Brownian motion and orbit counting of Kleinian groups
本文研究了凯莱群的发散性与随机游走复发性之间的关系，并通过建立增长率联系，构造了发散型凯莱群。
Let $Γ$ be a non-elementary Kleinian group and $H<Γ$ a finitely generated, proper subgroup. We prove that if $Γ$ has finite co-volume, then the profinite completions of $H$ and $Γ$ are not isomorphic. If $H$ has finite index in $Γ$, then there is a finite group onto which $H$ maps but $Γ$ does not. These results streamline the existing proofs that there exist full-sized groups that are profinitely rigid in the absolute sense. They build on a circleof ideas that can be used to distinguish among the profinite completions of subgroups of finite index in other contexts, e.g. limit groups. We const…
Let G be an arithmetic Kleinian group, and let O be the associated hyperbolic 3-orbifold or 3-manifold. In this paper, we prove that, in many cases, G is large, which means that some finite index subgroup admits a surjective homomorphism onto a non-abelian free group. This has many consequences, including that O has infinite virtual first Betti number and G has super-exponential subgroup growth. Our first result, which forms the basis for the entire paper, is that G is commensurable with a lattice containing the Klein group of order 4. Our second result is that if G has a finite index subgroup…
In this paper we prove that for suitable sequences of congruence subgroups of Bianchi groups, including the standard exhaustive sequences of a congruence subgroup, and even symmetric powers of the standard representation of Sl_2(C) the size of the torsion part in the first homology grows exponentially. This extends results of Bergeron and Venkatesh to a case of non-uniform lattices.
Discrete subgroups of small critical exponent
本文证明了小临界指数的有限生成高维Kleinian群必为凸余紧，并推广了临界指数小于1的完备双曲负曲率流形的几何性质。
Random walks on cocompact Fuchsian and Kleinian groups
该研究证明了在紧致的弗希茨和克莱因群上，某些随机游走的击中测度在无穷远处是奇异的。
We prove that a Kleinian group $G$ acting upon $\mathbb{H}^{n}$ admits a non-constant $G$-automorphic function, even if it has torsion elements, provided that the orders of the elliptic (torsion) elements are uniformly bounded. This is accomplished by developing a technique for mashing distinct fat triangulations while preserving fatness.
We determine C-special subgroups of the Bianchi groups of index bounded above by 120 by effectivising the arguments of Agol-Long-Reid. These subgroups are congruence of level 2 or 4 and retract to the free group on two generators. As a consequence, we find a C-special 20-sheeted cover of the figure-eight knot complement. We also determine C-special congruence subgroups for a family of cocompact arithmetic Kleinian groups.
For a compact, oriented, hyperbolic $n$-manifold $(M,g)$, realised as $M= Γ\backslash \mathbb{H}^{n}$ where $Γ$ is a torsion-free cocompact subgroup of $SO(n,1)$, we establish and study a relationship between differential geometric cohomology on $M$ and algebraic invariants of the group $Γ$. In particular for $\mathbb{F}$ an irreducible $SO(n,1)$-module, we show that the group cohomology with coefficients $H^{\bullet}(Γ, \mathbb{F})$ is isomorphic to the cohomology of an appropriate projective BGG complex on $M$. This yields the geometric interpretation that $H^{\bullet}(Γ, \mathbb{F})$ parame…
A Jørgensen group is a non-elementary Kleinian group that can be generated by two elements for which equality holds in Jørgensen's Inequality. This paper shows that the only torsion-free Jørgensen group is the figure-eight knot group, identifies all non-cocompact arithmetic Jørgensen groups, and establishes a characterization of cocompact arithmetic Jørgensen groups. The paper also defines and computes the Jørgensen number of several non-cocompact Kleinian groups including some two-bridge knot and link groups.
Combining Rational maps and Kleinian groups via orbit equivalence
本研究提出复多项式与Kleinian曲面群全纯配对的轨道等价框架，定义高阶Bowen-Series映射，明确配对Teichmüller空间分支，证明圆周Fuchsian群无轨道等价刚性，并分类可配对的Kleinian Bers边界群。
Accessible CAT$(-1)$ groups of critical exponent less than one
该研究针对可及CAT(-1)群，证明临界指数小于1时群的结构性质，给出相关推论，覆盖更大类群并补充JSJ相关结论。
In this paper we prove a combination theorem for Veech subgroups of the mapping class group analogous to the first Klein-Maskit combination theorem for Kleinian groups in which two Fuchsian subgroups are amalgamated along a parabolic subgroup. As a corollary, we construct subgroups of the mapping class group (for all genus at least 2), which are isomorphic to non-abelian closed surface groups in which all but one conjugacy class (up to powers) is pseudo-Anosov.
We obtain a number of results regarding freeness, quasiconvexity and separability for subgroups of Coxeter groups, Artin groups and one-relator groups with torsion.
We showed that the twist subgroup of the mapping class group of a closed connected nonorientable surface of genus $g\geq13$ can be generated by two involutions and an element of order $g$ or $g-1$ depending on whether $g$ is odd or even respectively.
Peripheral subgroups of Kleinian groups
研究Kleinian群外围结构的准等距变形空间，通过折叠组合学构造稳定的基本域区域。
Let $N_g$ be the non-orientable surface with genus $g$, $\text{MCG}(N_g)$ be the mapping class group of $N_g$, $\mathcal{T}(N_g)$ be the index 2 subgroup generated by all Dehn twists of $\text{MCG}(N_g)$. We prove that for odd genus, $\mathcal{T}(N_g)$ can be generated by three elements of finite orders.
Let $H^n$ be the hyperbolic n-space with $n\geq 2$. Suppose that $Γ<Isom H^n$ is a discrete, torsion free subgroup and $a$ is a point in the domain of discontinuity $Ω(Γ)$. Let $p$ be the projection map from $H^n$ to the quotient manifold $M=H^n/Γ$. In this paper we prove that there exists an open neighborhood $U$ of $a$ in $H^n\cupΩ(Γ)$ such that $p$ is an isometry on $U\cap H^n$.
We show that any finitely generated non-elementary Kleinian group has a co-final family of finite index normal subgroups with respect to which it has Property $τ$. As a consequence, any closed hyperbolic 3-manifold has a co-final family of finite index normal subgroups for which the infimal Heegaard gradient is positive.
Margulis wrote in the preface of his book Discrete subgroups of semisimple Lie groups that "A number of important topics have been omitted. The most significant of these is the theory of Kleinian groups and Thurston's theory of 3-dimensional manifolds: these two theories can be united under the common title of Theory of discrete subgroups of $\operatorname{SL}_2(\mathbb C)$." In this article, we will discuss a few recent advances regarding this missing topic from his book, which were influenced by his earlier works.
It is well known that the collection of uniformizations of a closed Riemann surface $S$ is partially ordered; the lowest ones are the Schottky unformizations, that is, tuples $(Ω,Γ,P:Ω\to S)$, where $Γ$ is a Schottky group with region of discontinuity $Ω$ and $P:Ω\to S$ is a regular holomorphic cover map with $Γ$ as its deck group. Let $τ:S \to S$ be a conformal (respectively, anticonformal) automorphism of $S$ of finite order $n$, and let $(Ω,Γ,P:Ω\to S)$ be a Schottky uniformization of $S$. Assume that $τ$ lifts with respect to the previous Schottky uniformization, that is, there exists a Mö…
Let G be a two generator subgroup of PSL(2,C). The Jorgensen number J(G) of G is defined by J(G)=inf{ |tr^2 A-4|+|tr[A,B]-2| ; G=<A,B>}. If G is a non-elementary Kleinian group, then J(G) >= 1. This inequality is called Jorgensen's inequality. In this paper, we show that, for any r >= 1, there exists a non-elementary Kleinian group whose Jorgensen number is equal to r. This answers a question posed by Oichi and Sato. We also present our computer generated picture which estimates Jorgensen numbers from above in the diagonal slice of Schottky space.
We study knots of order 2 in the grope filtration $\{\G_h\}$ and the solvable filtration $\{\F_h\}$ of the knot concordance group. We show that, for any integer $n\ge4$, there are knots generating a $\Z_2^\infty$ subgroup of $\G_n/\G_{n.5}$. Considering the solvable filtration, our knots generate a $\Z_2^\infty$ subgroup of $\F_n/\F_{n.5}$ $(n\ge2)$ distinct from the subgroup generated by the previously known 2-torsion knots of Cochran, Harvey, and Leidy. We also present a result on the 2-torsion part in the Cochran, Harvey, and Leidy's primary decomposition of the solvable filtration.
Suppose that all hyperbolic groups are residually finite. The following statements follow: In relatively hyperbolic groups with peripheral structures consisting of finitely generated nilpotent subgroups, quasiconvex subgroups are separable; Geometrically finite subgroups of non-uniform lattices in rank one symmetric spaces are separable; Kleinian groups are subgroup separable. We also show that LERF for finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifolds would follow from LERF for closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds. The method is to reduce, via combination and filling theorems, the separability of a quasiconvex s…
We show that the normal closure of any periodic element of the mapping class group of a non-orientable surface whose order is greater than 2 contains the commutator subgroup, which for $g\geq 7$ is equal to the twist subgroup, and provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the normal closures of involutions to contain the twist subgroup. Finally, we provide a criterion for a periodic element to normally generate $\mathcal{M}(N_g)$ and give examples.
In this paper, we prove a limit set intersection theorem in relatively hyperbolic groups. Our approach is based on a study of dynamical quasiconvexity of relatively quasiconvex subgroups. Using dynamical quasiconvexity, many well-known results on limit sets of geometrically finite Kleinian groups are derived in general convergence groups. We also establish dynamical quasiconvexity of undistorted subgroups in finitely generated groups with nontrivial Floyd boundary.
We study certain polynomial trace identities in the group $SL(2,\IC)$ and their application in the theory of discrete groups. We obtain canonical representations for two generator groups in §4 and then in §5 we give a new proof for Gehring and Martin's polynomial trace identities for good words, and extend that result to a larger class which is also closed under a semigroup operation inducing polynomial composition. This new approach is through the use of quaternion algebras over indefinites and an associated group of units. We obtain structure theorems for these quaternion algebras which appe…
Rigidity of Kleinian groups via self-joinings: measure theoretic criterion
本文通过自联结子群的遍历理论与共形测度理论，证明了扎里斯基稠密凸紧克莱因群表示的测度论刚性二分法，并将结果推广至发散型子群。
We study the Bowditch boundaries of relatively hyperbolic group pairs, focusing on the case where there are no cut points. We show that if $(G,\mathcal{P})$ is a rigid relatively hyperbolic group pair whose boundary embeds in $S^2$, then the action on the boundary extends to a convergence group action on $S^2$. More generally, if the boundary is connected and planar with no cut points, we show that every element of $\mathcal{P}$ is virtually a surface group. This conclusion is consistent with the conjecture that such a group $G$ is virtually Kleinian. We give numerous examples to show the nece…
On the non-triviality of the torsion subgroup of the abelianized Johnson kernel
本文通过二维方法证明了abelized Johnson核的torsion子群非平凡，并给出了其基数的下界。
While lattices in semi-simple Lie groups are studied very well, only little is known about discrete subgroups of infinite covolume. The main class of examples are Schottky groups. Here we investigate some new examples. We consider subgroups $Γ$ of arithmetic groups in $PSL(2,C)^q \times PSL(2,R)^r$ with $q+r>1$ and their limit set. We prove that the projective limit set of a nonelementary finitely generated $Γ$ consists of exactly one point if and only if one and hence all projections of $Γ$ to the simple factors of $PSL(2,C)^q \times PSL(2,R)^r$ are subgroups of arithmetic Fuchsian or Kleinia…
Residual torsion-free nilpotence has proven to be an important property for knot groups with applications to bi-orderability and ribbon concordance. Mayland proposed a strategy to show that a two-bridge knot group has a commutator subgroup which is a union of an ascending chain of parafree groups. This paper proves Mayland's assertion and expands the result to the subgroups of two-bridge link groups that correspond to the kernels of maps to $\mathbb{Z}$. We call these kernels the Alexander subgroups of the links. As a result, we show the bi-orderability of a large family of two-bridge link gro…
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