Sang Pyo Kim, Don N. Page
We study Schwinger pair production in scalar QED from a uniform electric field in dS_2 with scalar curvature R_{dS} = 2 H^2 and in AdS_2 with R_{AdS} = - 2 K^2. With suitable boundary conditions, we find that the pair-production rate is the same analytic function of the scalar curvature in both cases.
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In this paper we consider Witten diagrams at one loop in AdS space for scalar $ϕ^3+ϕ^4$ theory. After using Schwinger parametrization to trivialize the space-time loop integration, we extract the Mellin-Barnes representation for the one-loop corrections to the four-particle scattering up to an integration over the Schwinger parameters corresponding to the propagators of the internal particles running into the loop. We then discuss an approach to deal with those integrals.
A free Rarita-Schwinger field in the Anti-de Sitter space is considered. We show that the usual action can be supplemented by a boundary term that can be interpreted as the generating functional of the correlation functions in a conformal field theory on the boundary of the Anti-de Sitter space.
We consider a massive Rarita-Schwinger field on the Anti-de Sitter space and solve the corresponding equations of motion. We show that appropriate boundary terms calculated on-shell give two-point correlation functions for spin-3/2 fields of the conformal field theory on the boundary. The relation between Rarita-Schwinger field masses and conformal dimensions of corresponding operators is established.
We study the Schwinger effect in near-extremal Reissner-Nordström (RN) black holes with electric and/or magnetic charges in the (Anti-) de Sitter (AdS) space. The formula for the Schwinger effect takes a universal form for near-extremal black holes with the near-horizon geometry of ${\rm AdS}_2 \times S^2$ and with the proper radii for the ${\rm AdS}_2$ space and the two-sphere $S^2$, regardless of the asymptotically flat or (A)dS space. The asymptotic AdS boundary enhances and the dS boundary suppresses the Schwinger effect and the small radius of the AdS (dS) space reinforces the enhancement…
In this paper, we consider a deformed AdS background and study effect of deformation parameter on the pair production rate of the Schwinger effect. The electrostatic potential is important for the pair production in the holographic Schwinger effect. In this paper, we analyze the electrostatic potential in a deformed AdS background and investigate the effect of deformation parameter which may be useful to test of AdS/QCD. In the case of zero temperature we find that larger value of the deformation parameter leads to a smaller value of separation length of the test particles on the probe. Also w…
We perform the potential analysis for the holographic Schwinger effect in a deformed $AdS_5$ model with conformal invariance broken by a background dilaton. We evaluate the static potential by analyzing the classical action of a string attaching the rectangular Wilson loop on a probe D3 brane sitting at an intermediate position in the bulk AdS space. We observe that the inclusion of chemical potential tends to enhance the production rate, reverse to the effect of confining scale. Also, we calculate the critical electric field by Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action.
The complete solution to the massive Rarita-Schwinger field equation in anti-de Sitter space is constructed, and used in the AdS/CFT correspondence to calculate the correlators for the boundary conformal field theory. It is found that when no condition is imposed on the field solution, there appear two different boundary conformal field operators, one coupling to a Rarita-Schwinger field and the other to a Dirac field. These two operators are seen to have different scaling dimensions, with that of the spinor-coupled operator exhibiting non-analytic mass dependence.
In this letter the boundary problem for massless and massive Rarita-Schwinger field in the AdS/CFT correspondence is considered. The considerations are along the lines of a paper by Henneaux (hep-th/9902137) and are based on the requirement the solutions to be a stationary point for the action functional. It is shown that this requirement, along with a definite asymptotic behavior of the solutions, fixes the boundary term that must be added to the initial Rarita-Schwinger action. It is also shown that the boundary term reproduce the known two point correlation functions of certain local operat…
We analyze the pair production of charged particles in two-dimensional Anti-de Sitter space (AdS_2) with a constant, uniform electric field. We compute the production rate both at a semi-classical level, viewing Schwinger pair production as a tunneling event, and at the full quantum level, by extracting the imaginary part of the one-loop amplitude. In contrast to the usual Schwinger pair production in flat space, pair production in AdS_2 requires a sufficiently large electric field E^2> M^2+1/4 in order to overcome the confining effect of the AdS geometry -- put in another way, the presence of…
To reveal the Schwinger effect for quarks, i.e., pair creation process of quarks and antiquarks, we derive the vacuum decay rate at strong coupling using AdS/CFT correspondence. Magnetic fields, in addition to the electric field responsible for the pair creation, causes prominent effects on the rate, and is important also in experiments such as RHIC/LHC heavy ion collisions. In this paper, through the gravity dual we obtain the full Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian of N=2 supersymmetric QCD and study the Schwinger mechanism with not only a constant electric field but also a constant magnetic field …
We present some comments on Schwinger's calculation of electron-positron production in a prescribed constant electric field. The range of validity of 2 Im \mathcal{L}^(1)(E) is discussed thoroughly and limiting cases are provided.
We present new, non trivial generalizations of the recent Tomaras, Tsamis and Woodard extension of the original Schwinger formula for charged pair production in a constant field.
In an (Anti-) de Sitter space and a charged black hole the Schwinger effect is either enhanced by the Hawking radiation or suppressed by the negative curvature. We use the contour integral method to calculate the production of charged pairs in the global (A)dS space. The charge emission from near-extremal black hole is found from the AdS geometry near the horizon and interpreted as the Schwinger effect in a Rindler space with the surface gravity for the acceleration as well as the Schwinger effect in AdS space.
We demonstrate how to compute real-time Green's functions for a class of finite temperature field theories from their AdS gravity duals. In particular, we reproduce the two-by-two Schwinger-Keldysh matrix propagator from a gravity calculation. Our methods should work also for computing higher point Lorentzian signature correlators. We elucidate the boundary condition subtleties which hampered previous efforts to build a Lorentzian-signature AdS/CFT correspondence. For two-point correlators, our construction is automatically equivalent to the previously formulated prescription for the retarded …
We present a simple proof that the imaginary part of the world-line path integral which computes the rate of Schwinger pair production of charged particles in a constant electric field, is given exactly by the semiclassical WKB limit.
One loop quantum effective action W of scalar field 'living' on the AdS background of the Randall-Sundrum model is defined here by now popular way which excludes bulk UV divergencies; thus induced Planck mass is given not by the UV regularization parameter, like in Sakharov's pioneer work, but by the location of the UV-cut of AdS space. Resummation of Schwinger-DeWitt expansion of the action W is performed by the novel 'auxiliary mass' method. The inverse mass squared parameter of this expansion is determined by the location of the 'visible' IR-brane of the RS-model. Obtained expression for in…
It is suggested that Schwinger's (1951) vacuum persistence probability against pair production by an intense but constant electric field is a very good approximation to the corresponding quantity if the field does not vary appreciably over distances less than m/e/E/5 pages
We compute Schwinger-Keldysh effective action for a relativistic heavy quark (with constant background velocity) in strongly coupled N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma. The holographic dual description involves a noisy trailing string moving in Schwarzschild-AdS5 black brane. The noise is caused by Hawking radiation emitted from string worldsheet horizon. Besides quadractic terms, the effective action contains cubic interactions, which are entirely induced by the constant background velocity. The nonlinear fluctuation-dissipation relations for three-point functions are discussed based on h…
The Herzog and Son prescription for computing real-time Green functions for finite temperature gauge theories from their gravity dual is generalized to fermions. These notes explain how such an extension involves properties of spinors in a curved, complexified space-time.
We perform the potential analysis in holographic Schwinger effect in a deformed anti-de Sitter (AdS) background with backreaction due to the gluon condensate. We determine the potential by analyzing the classical string action attaching on a probe D3-brane sitting at an intermediate position in the bulk AdS space. It is found that the inclusion of the gluon condensate reduces the production rate, reverse to the effect of the temperature. Also, we evaluate the critical electric field by Dirac-Born-Infeld (DBI) action.
Schwinger Type Pair Production in Non-SUSY AdS/CFT
利用全息对偶研究非超对称杨-米尔斯理论中电场下的粒子对产生，数值计算势能并解析确定阈值电场，发现真空在非超对称参数范围内不稳定。
We study the open string pair production between two D3 branes, which will give rise to similar effect as Schwinger pair production for observers on one of the D3 branes. The D3 branes are placed parallel at a distance, and they are carrying world-volume electromagnetic fluxes that takes general form. We derive the pair production rate by computing the interaction amplitude between the D3 branes. We discussed how to maximize the pair production rate in this general case. We also mentioned that the general result can be used to describe other system such as D3-D1, where the pair production is u…
The Schwinger pairs production rate is calculated numerically in the soft-wall model with the help of a simpler method in determining the soft-wall's position beyond which probe strings connecting the Schwinger pairs do not fall into. Behaviours of the production rate in both the upper critical region and the middle linear part are studied carefully. The latter exhibits interesting new features un-noted previously. All results are presented in comparisons with hard-wall models.
We review the one-loop effective action in scalar QED and the Schwinger effect in a uniform electric field in a two-dimensional (anti-) de Sitter space. The Schwinger effect has a thermal interpretation in terms of the effective temperature introduced by Cai and Kim. We propose a method to find the density of states for the charged scalar and obtain the QED action density and the pair-production rate in the in-out formalism.
Some astrophysical objects are supposed to have very strong electromagnetic fields above the critical strength. Quantum fluctuations due to strong electromagnetic fields modify the Maxwell theory and particularly electric fields make the vacuum unstable against pair production of charged particles. We study the strong field effect such as the effective action and the Schwinger pair production in scalar QED.
We study the Schwinger effect in near-extremal nonrotating black holes in an arbitrary $D(\geq 4)$-dimensional asymptotically flat and (A)dS space. Using the near-horizon geometry $\mathrm{AdS}_2 \times \mathrm{S}^{D-2}$ of near-extremal black holes with Myers-Perry metric, we find a universal expression of the emission formula for charges that is a multiplication of the Schwinger effects in an $\mathrm{AdS}_2$ space and in a two-dimensional Rindler space. The effective temperature of an accelerated charge for the Schwinger effect is determined by the radii of the effective $\mathrm{AdS}_2$ sp…
In scalar QED we study the Schwinger pair production from an initial ensemble of charged bosons when an electric field is turned on for a finite period together with or without a constant magnetic field. The scalar QED Hamiltonian depends on time through the electric field, which causes the initial ensemble of bosons to evolve out of equilibrium. Using the Liouville-von Neumann method for the density operator and quantum states for each momentum mode, we calculate the Schwinger pair-production rate at finite temperature, which is the pair-production rate from the vacuum times a thermal factor …
Some field theoretical aspects, such as the effective action and Schwinger pair production, are critically reviewed in strong QED. The difference of the boundary conditions on the solutions of the field equation is discussed to result in the effective action both in the Coulomb and time-dependent gauge. Finally, the apparent spin-statistics inversion is also discussed, where the WKB action for bosons (fermions) works well for fermion (boson) pair-production rate.
We study the Schwinger pair production in confining theories. The production rate in an external electric field E is numerically evaluated by using the holographic description. There exist two kinds of critical values of the electric field, i) E=E_c, above which there is no potential barrier and particles are freely generated, ii) E=E_s, below which the confining string tension dominates the electric field and the pair production does not occur. We argue the universal exponents associated with the critical behaviors.
Recalculating the Bogoliubov coefficients from the solutions in Phys. Rev. D 78, 103517 (2008), we obtain the mean number of boson pairs in a uniform electric field in the global coordinates dS_2 and AdS_2, which have the correct zero-field and zero-curvature limits, and study the vacuum persistence at one-loop. The mean number in AdS_2 gives the lowest limit to the Breitenloher-Freedman bound in the uniform electric field, and the mean numbers in dS_2 and AdS_2 satisfy the reciprocal relation N_{dS} (R, E) N_{AdS} (R, E) = 1 under the analytical continuation of the scalar curvature R.
In this work, we show how the knowledge of the first few terms of the Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian's weak-field expansion in a magnetic field background is enough to reconstruct the pair-production rate in a strong electric field background. To this end, we study its associated truncated Borel sum using Padé approximants, as advocated in a recent work by Costin and Dunne, J. Phys. A52, 445205 (2019).
Using Lewis-Riesenfeld theory, we derive an exact non-adiabatic master equation describing the time evolution of the QED Schwinger pair production rate for a general time-varying electric field. This equation can be written equivalently as a first-order matrix equation, as a Vlasov type integral equation, or as a third-order differential equation. In the last version it relates to the KdV equation, which allows us to construct an exact solution using the well-known one-soliton solution to that equation. The case of time-like delta function pulse fields is also shortly considered. We compare wi…
We present a unified picture for the Schwinger effect and the Hawking radiation and address the gauge-gravity relation and the dS-AdS duality issue at the one-loop level. We propose a thermal interpretation for the Schwinger effect in an (A)dS space and in an Reissner-Nordström black hole. The emission of charged particles from the near-extremal charged black hole is proportional to the Schwinger effect in an AdS and to another Schwinger effect in a Rindler space accelerated by the surface gravity.
We propose a thermal interpretation of the Schwinger effect for charged scalars and spinors in an extremal and near-extremal Reissner-Nordström (RN) black hole. The emission of charges has the distribution with an effective temperature determined by the Davies-Unruh temperature for accelerating charges by the electric field and the scalar curvature of AdS_2 from the near-horizon geometry AdS_2 X S^2. We find a charge bound for the extremal micro black hole to remain stable against the Schwinger emission in analogy with the Breitenlohlner-Freedman bound for the AdS space. In the in-out formalis…
Charged particles in static electric and magnetic fields have Landau levels and tunneling states from the vacuum. Using the instanton method of Phys. Rev. D 65, 105002 (2002), we obtain the formulae for the pair-production rate in spinor and scalar QED, which sum over all Landau levels and recover exactly the well-known results. The pair-production rates are calculated for an electric field of finite extent, with a constant magnetic field also present, and are shown to have boundary effects.
Green functions for the scalar, spinor and vector fields in a plane wave geometry arising as a Penrose limit of $AdS\times S$ are obtained. The Schwinger-DeWitt technique directly gives the results in the plane wave background, which turns out to be WKB-exact. Therefore the structural similarity with flat space results is unveiled. In addition, based on the local character of the Penrose limit, it is claimed that for getting the correct propagators in the limit one can rely on the first terms of the direct geodesic contribution in the Schwinger-DeWitt expansion of the original propagators . Th…
We study the Schwinger effect with a moving D3-brane in a $\mathcal{N}$=4 SYM plasma with the aid of AdS/CFT correspondence. We discuss the test particle pair moving transverse and parallel to the plasma wind respectively. It is found that for both cases the presence of velocity tends to increase the Schwinger effect. In addition, the velocity has a stronger influence on the Schwinger effect when the pair moves transverse to the plasma wind rather than parallel.
Recently the paper "Schwinger Mechanism for Gluon Pair Production in the Presence of Arbitrary Time Dependent Chromo-Electric Field" by G. C. Nayak was published [Eur. Phys. J. C 59, 715 (2009); arXiv:0708.2430]. Its aim is to obtain an exact expression for the probability of non-perturbative gluon pair production per unit time per unit volume and per unit transverse momentum in an arbitrary time-dependent chromo-electric background field. We believe that the obtained expression is open to question. We demonstrate its inconsistency on some well-known examples. We think that this is a consequen…
We present a short and novel derivation of the Schwinger mechanism for particle pair production in $1+1$ dimensional de Sitter and Anti de Sitter spacetimes. We work directly in the flat embedding space and derive the pair production rates in these spacetimes via instanton methods. The derivation is manifestly coordinate independent, and also lends support to the possible deep connection between two conceptually disparate quantum phenomena - Schwinger effect and the Davies-Unruh effect.
Using the AdS/CFT correspondence, we study the Schwinger effect in strongly coupled theories with an anisotropic scaling symmetry in time and spatial direction. We consider Lifshitz and hyperscaling violation theories and use their gravity duals. It is shown that the shape of the potential barrier depends on the parameters of theory. One concludes that the production rate for the pair creation of particle and anti-particle will not be the same as the relativistic case.
We give a general analysis of AdS boundary conditions for spin-3/2 Rarita-Schwinger fields and investigate boundary conditions preserving supersymmetry for a graviton multiplet in AdS_4. Linear Rarita-Schwinger fields in AdS_d are shown to admit mixed Dirichlet-Neumann boundary conditions when their mass is in the range $0 \leq |m| < 1/2l_{AdS}$. We also demonstrate that mixed boundary conditions are allowed for larger masses when the inner product is "renormalized" accordingly with the action. We then use the results obtained for |m| = 1/l_{AdS} to explore supersymmetric boundary conditions f…
In this talk I report on some recent calculations on the production of pseudoscalars from intense electromagnetic fields.
In the space-dependent gauge, each mode of the Klein-Gordon equation in a strong electric field takes the form of a time-independent Schrödinger equation with a potential barrier. We propose that the single- and multi-instantons of quantum tunneling may be related with the single- and multi-pair production of bosons and the relative probability for the no-pair production is determined by the total tunneling probability via instantons. In the case of a uniform electric field, the instanton interpretation recovers exactly the well-known pair production rate for bosons and when the Pauli blocking…
In previous work we have shown that large $N$ field theory amplitudes, in Schwinger parametrised form, can be organised into integrals over the stringy moduli space ${\cal M}_{g,n}\times R_{+}^n$. Here we flesh this out into a concrete implementation of open-closed string duality. In particular, we propose that the closed string worldsheet is reconstructed from the unique Strebel quadratic differential that can be associated to (the dual of) a field theory skeleton graph. We are led, in the process, to identify the inverse Schwinger proper times ($\s_i={1\over \t_i}$) with the lengths of edges…
With increasing temperatures, Schwinger pair production changes from a quantum tunnelling to a classical, thermal process, determined by a worldline sphaleron. We show this and calculate the corresponding rate of pair production for both spinor and scalar quantum electrodynamics, including the semiclassical prefactor. For electron-positron pair production from a thermal bath of photons and in the presence of an electric field, the rate we derive is faster than both perturbative photon fusion and the zero temperature Schwinger process. We work to all-orders in the coupling and hence our results…
We consider the phenomenon of spontaneous pair production in presence of an external electric field for noncommutative Yang Mills theories. Using Maldacena's holographic conjecture the threshold electric field for pair production is computed from the quark-antiquark potential for noncommutative theories. As an effect of noncommutativity, the threshold electric field is seen to be smaller than its commutative counterpart. We also estimate the correction to the pair production rate of quark-antiquark pairs to the first order of the noncommutative deformation parameter. Our result bears resemblan…
We study tunneling pair creation of W-Bosons by an external electric field on the Coulomb branch of N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory. We use AdS/CFT holography to find a generalization of Schwinger's formula for the pair production rate to the strong coupling, planar limit which includes the exchange of virtual massless particles to all orders. We find that the pair creation formula has an upper critical electric field beyond which the process is no longer exponentially suppressed. The value of the critical field is identical to that which occurs in the Born-Infeld action of probe D3-brane…
Worldline holography states that within the framework of the worldline approach to quantum field theory, sources of a quantum field theory over Mink$_4$ naturally form a field theory over AdS$_5$ {\sl to all orders} in the elementary fields and in the sources of arbitrary spin. (Such correspondences are also available for other pairs of spacetimes, not only Mink$_4\leftrightarrow\mathrm{AdS}_5$.) Schwinger's proper time of the worldline formalism is automatically grouped with the physical four spacetime dimensions into an AdS$_5$ geometry. We show that the worldline holographic effective actio…
We study the Schwinger mechanism by a uniform electric field in ${\rm dS}_2$ and ${\rm AdS}_2$ and the curvature effect on the Schwinger effect, and further propose a thermal interpretation of the Schwinger formula in terms of the Gibbons-Hawking temperature and the Unruh temperature for an accelerating charge in ${\rm dS}_2$ and an analogous expression in ${\rm AdS}_2$. The exact one-loop effective action is found in the proper-time integral in each space, which is determined by the effective mass, the Maxwell scalar, and the scalar curvature, and whose pole structure gives the imaginary part…
Schwinger pair production is analyzed in a BPST instanton background and in its SL$(2,\mathbb{C})$ complex extension for complex scalar particles. A non-Abelian extension of the worldline instanton method is utilized, wherein Wong's equations in a coherent state picture adopted for SL$(2,\mathbb{C})$ are solved in Euclidean spacetime. While pair production is not predicted in the BPST instanton, a complex extension of the BPST instanton, existing as parallel fields in Minkowski spacetime, is shown to decay via the Schwinger effect.
We study the Schwinger electron-positron pair production by a strong electromagnetic field of two colliding e-polarized laser pulses with a relative phase shift $Ψ$. The spatio-temporal distribution of created pairs is very sensitive to this phase shift and to polarization of the pulses. We study this dependence in detail and demonstrate how it can be explained in terms of the underlying invariant field structure of the counterpropagating focused pulses.
In this note we point out that the recently proposed bulk dual of an entangled pair of a quark and an anti-quark corresponds to the Lorentzian continuation of the tunneling instanton describing Schwinger pair creation in the dual field theory. This observation supports and further explains the claim by Jensen & Karch that the bulk dual of an EPR pair is a string with a wormhole on its world sheet. We suggest that this constitutes an AdS/CFT realization of the creation of a Wheeler wormhole.
We use the evolution operator method to find the Schwinger pair-production rate at finite temperature in scalar and spinor QED by counting the vacuum production, the induced production and the stimulated annihilation from the initial ensemble. It is shown that the pair-production rate for each state is factorized into the mean number at zero temperature and the initial thermal distribution for bosons and fermions.
I shortly review the worldline instanton method for calculating Schwinger pair production rates in (i) one-loop QED (ii) multiloop QED and (iii) one-loop open string theory.
We have recently presented a geometry dual to a Schwinger-Keldysh closed time contour, with two equal $β/2$ length Euclidean sections, which can be thought of as dual to the Thermo Field Dynamics formulation of the boundary CFT. In this work we study non-perturbative holographic excitations of the thermal vacuum by turning on asymptotic Euclidean sources. In the large-$N$ approximation the states are found to be thermal coherent state and we manage to compute its eigenvalues. We pay special attention to the high temperature regime where the manifold is built from pieces of Euclidean and Lorent…
We investigate the spontaneous pair production, including the Schwinger mechanism and the Hawking thermal radiation, of charged scalar particles from the near horizon region of a (near) extremal Reissner-Nordström black hole. The paradigm is equivalent to the dynamics of the charged scalar field in a specific AdS$_2 \times S^2$ spacetime with a constant electric field. Two possible boundary conditions are adopted to explicitly compute the corresponding production rate and absorption cross section. It is shown that the Schwinger production rate can be eventually suppressed by the increasing att…
Holographic Schwinger effect with Translational Symmetry Breaking
利用全息对偶，在有限化学势下研究平移对称性破缺对Schwinger效应的影响，发现亚临界区参数增强产生，近临界和超临界区化学势促进而平移对称性破缺抑制产生，且外磁场始终增强效应。
We calculate the rate of thermal Schwinger pair production at arbitrary coupling in weak external fields. Our calculations are valid independently of many properties of the charged particles produced, in particular their spin and whether they are electric or magnetic. Using the worldline formalism, we calculate the logarithm of the rate to leading order in the weak external field and to all orders in virtual photon exchange, taking us beyond the perturbative expansion about the leading order, weak coupling result.
We compute the corrections to the transition amplitudes of an accelerated Unruh ``box'' that arise when the accelerated box is replaced by a ``two level ion'' immersed in a constant electric field and treated in second quantization. There are two kinds of corrections, those due to recoil effects induced by the momentum transfers and those due to pair creation. Taken together, these corrections show that there is a direct relationship between pair creation amplitudes described by the Heisenberg-Euler-Schwinger mechanism and the Unruh effect, i.e. the thermalisation of accelerated systems at tem…
In this proceeding we consider a massive charged scalar field in a uniform electric field background in a de~Sitter spacetime (dS). We compute the in-vacuum expectation value of the trace of the energy-momentum tensor for the created Schwinger pairs, and using adiabatic subtraction scheme the trace is regularized. The effect of the Schwinger pair creation on the evolution of the Hubble constant is investigated. We find that the production of the semiclassical pairs leads to a decay of the Hubble constant. Whereas, the production of a light scalar field in the weak electric field regime leads t…
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