We consider the waveguiding by thin patterned slabs embedded in a homogeneous medium. In the longwave limit, the wave spectra of slabs are found to be well described by a single frequency-independent parameter, which we call the "guiding power". The guiding power can be evaluated in an effective medium approximation, similar to the Maxwell Garnett theory, but modified for the local field corrections specific to the two-dimensional geometry. The guiding power is different for the transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) polarizations. We show that the confinement factor of TM waves in a porous layer with high index ratio can exceed that for a homogeneous layer. Similarly enhanced confinement of TM waves is demonstrated for a layer of elongated cylinders or elliptic inclusion with a high axis length ratio. The effect originates from the suppression of local field effects and the increasing internal field in the inclusion. It may be useful in the design of far-infrared or THz quantum cascade lasers.
Waveguiding and Plasmon Resonances in Two-Dimensional Photonic Lattices of Gold and Silver Nanowires
我们报道了高光学质量的平行金和银纳米线的三角形晶格的制造，直径低至500 nm，长径比高达100，000。纳米线由二氧化硅玻璃基质支撑并围绕中心固体玻璃芯设置，即，丢失的纳米线这些厘米长的结构使得在纳米线阵列中捕获光并表征在特定光学频率下形成的等离子体共振成为可能。这种纳米线阵列具有许多潜在的应用，例如，to imaging成像on the sub-子wavelength波长scale规模.
We experimentally demonstrate a type of waveguiding mechanism for coupled surface-wave defect modes in a surface-wave photonic crystal. Unlike conventional spoof surface plasmon waveguides, waveguiding of coupled surface-wave defect modes is achieved through weak coupling between tightly localized defect cavities in an otherwise gapped surface-wave photonic crystal, as a classical wave analogue of tight-binding electronic wavefunctions in solid state lattices.
We developed a technique that enables to replace a metallic waveguide cladding with a low-index (n $\sim$ 1.4) material - CaF2 or BaF2 - that in addition is transparent from the mid-IR up to the visible range: elevated confinement is preserved while introducing an optical entryway through the substrate. Replacing the metallic backplane also allows double-side patterning of the active region. Using this approach, we demonstrate strong light-matter coupling between an intersubband transition (lambda $\sim$ 10 microns) and a dispersive resonator, at 300 K and at 78 K. Finally, we evaluate the pot…
Photonic crystal slabs have been widely used in nanophotonics for light confinement, dispersion engineering, nonlinearity enhancement, and other unusual effects arising from their structural periodicity. Sub-micron device sizes and mode volumes are routine for silicon-based photonic crystal slabs, however spectrally they are limited to operate in the near infrared. Here, we show that two single-layer graphene sheets allow silicon photonic crystal slabs with submicron periodicity to operate in the terahertz regime, with an extreme 100x wavelength reduction and excellent out-of-plane confinement…
The use of artificial gauge fields enables systems of uncharged particles to behave as if affected by external fields. Generated by geometry or external modulation, artificial gauge fields have been instrumental in demonstrating topological phenomena in many physical systems, including photonics, cold atoms and acoustic waves. Here, we demonstrate experimentally for the first time waveguiding by means of artificial gauge fields. To this end, we construct artificial gauge fields in a photonic waveguide array, by using waveguides with nontrivial trajectories. First, we show that tilting the wave…
We develop a semi-analytical model to describe bound states in the continuum (BICs) in photonic crystal slabs. We model leaky modes supported by photonic crystal slabs as a transverse Fabry-Perot resonance composed of a few propagative Bloch waves bouncing back and forth vertically inside the slab. This multimode Fabry-Perot model accurately predicts the existence of BICs and their positions in the parameter space. We show that, regardless of the slab thickness, BICs cannot exist below a cut-off frequency, which is related to the existence of the second-order Bloch wave in the photonic crystal…
We point out that the polarization state of radiation from a photonic crystal slab is strongly constrained by the direct non-resonant scattering process. The phase difference between the two linearly-polarized components in the far field can be predicted analytically and is largely independent of the periodic pattern. We verify the prediction with full-field electromagnetic simulations.
Photonic components based on structured metallic elements show great potential for device applications where field enhancement and confinement of the radiation on a subwavelength scale is required. In this paper we report a detailed study of a prototypical metallo-dielectric photonic structure, where features well known in the world of dielectric photonic crystals, like band gaps and defect modes, are exported to the metallic counterpart, with interesting applications to infrared science and technology, as for instance in quantum well infrared photodetectors, narrow-band spectral filters, and …
We introduce an implementation of a Laplace differentiator based on a photonic crystal slab that operates at transmission mode. We show that the Laplace differentiator can be implemented provided that the guided resonances near the $Γ$ point exhibit an isotropic band structure. Such a device may facilitate nanophotonics-based optical analog computing for image processing.
Coupled-resonator optical waveguides (CROWs), which play a significant role in modern photonics, achieve waveguiding through near-field coupling between tightly localized resonators. The coupling factor, a critical parameter in CROW theory, determines the coupling strength between two resonators and the waveguiding dispersion of a CROW. However, the original CROW theory proposed by Yariv et al. only demonstrated one value of coupling factor for a multipole resonance mode. Here, by imaging the tight-binding Bloch waves on a CROW consisting of designer-surface-plasmon resonators in the microwave…
By applying the properties of Fabry-Perot resonance and Rayleigh anomaly, we have shown that a photonic crystal slab can scatter the light from an incident plane wave into a diffracted light with a very large reflection or transmission coefficient. The enhanced field is either a propagating diffraction order (with a grazing angle of diffraction) or a weakly evanescent order, so it can be particularly useful for applications requiring an enhanced propagating field (or an enhanced field with a low attenuation). An efficient effective medium technique is developed for the design of the resonant p…
Photonic crystal slabs are the state of the art in studies for the light confinement, optical wave modulating and guiding, as well as nonlinear optical response. Previous studies have shown abundant real-world implementations of photonic crystals in planar optics, metamaterials, sensors, and lasers. Here, we report a novel full 2π phase control method in the reflected light beam over the interaction with a photonic crystal resonant mode, verified by the temporal coupled-mode analysis and S-parameter simulations. Enhanced by the asymmetric coupling with the output ports, the 2π phase shift can …
We develop a formalism, based on the mode expansion method, to describe the guided resonances and bound states in the continuum (BICs) in photonic crystal slabs with one-dimensional periodicity. This approach provides analytic insights to the formation mechanisms of these states: the guided resonances arise from the transverse Fabry-Pérot condition, and the divergence of the resonance lifetimes at the BICs is explained by a destructive interference of radiation from different propagating components inside the slab. We show BICs at the center and on the edge of the Brillouin zone protected by s…
Optical bound state in the continuum (BIC) is characterized by infinitely high quality factor resulting in drastic enhancement of light-matter interaction phenomena. We study the optical response of a one-dimensional photonic crystal slab with Kerr focusing nonlinearity in the vicinity of BIC analytically and numerically. We predict a strong nonlinear response including multistable behaviour, self-tuning of BIC to the frequency of incident wave, and breaking of symmetry protected BIC. We show that all of these phenomena can be observed in silicon photonic structure at the pump power of several…
Bound states in the continuum (BICs) in photonic crystal slabs represent the resonances with an infinite quality(Q)-factor, occurring above the light line for an infinitely periodic structure. We show that a set of BICs can turn into quasi-BICs with a very high Q-factor even for two or three unit cell structures. They are explained by a viewpoint of BICs originating from the tight binding of individual resonances of each unit cell as in semiconductors. Combined with a reciprocal-space matching technique, the microcavities based on quasi-BICs can achieve a Q-factor as high as defect-based PhC m…
We study the resonant properties of photonic crystal slabs theoretically. An $ω{\rm-}k_x$ Fano line shape that approximates the transmission (reflection) spectrum is obtained. This approximation, being a function of light's frequency and in-plane wave vector, generalizes the conventional Fano line shape. Two particular approximations, parabolic and hyperbolic, are obtained and investigated in detail, taking into account the symmetry of the structure, the reciprocity, and the energy conservation. The parabolic approximation considers a single resonance at normal incidence, while the hyperbolic …
A finite element-based modal formulation of diffraction of a plane wave by an absorbing photonic crystal slab of arbitrary geometry is developed for photovoltaic applications. The semi-analytic approach allows efficient and accurate calculation of the absorption of an array with a complex unit cell. This approach gives direct physical insight into the absorption mechanism in such structures, which can be used to enhance the absorption. The verification and validation of this approach is applied to a silicon nanowire array and the efficiency and accuracy of the method is demonstrated. The metho…
We investigate theoretically the polarization properties of the quantum dot's optical emission from chiral photonic crystal structures made of achiral materials in the absence of external magnetic field at room temperature. The mirror symmetry of the local electromagnetic field is broken in this system due to the decreased symmetry of the chiral modulated layer. As a result, the radiation of randomly polarized quantum dots normal to the structure becomes partially circularly polarized. The sign and degree of circular polarization are determined by the geometry of the chiral modulated structure…
Light confinement induced by resonant states in aperiodic photonic structures are interesting for many applications. A particular case of these resonances can be found in 2D quasi-crystalline arrangements of dielectric cylinders. These systems present a rather isotropic band gap as well as isolated in-gap photonic states (as a result of spatially localized resonances). These states are built by high symmetry polygonal clusters that can be regarded as photonic molecules. In this paper we study the transmission properties of a slab of glass cylinders arranged in approximants of decagonal quasi-c…
There has been remarkable recent progress in the formation of nano-resonators that support ultra-low-loss, compact dielectric photonic crystals with exceptional high-Q modes that operate at visible or telecom wavelengths. New insights into modal engineering have recently emerged from researchers exploring exotic electronic phases in 2D materials. The phenomenon relates to a twist in the angle between two layers of materials with high periodic spatial ordering, such as graphene. A moire pattern forms, and at a particular magic angle of twist, the electronic behavior significantly changes, enjoy…
The radiative transfer equation (RTE) models the transport of light inside photonic scattering samples such as paint, foam and tissue. Analytic approximations to solve the RTE fail for samples with strong absorption and dominant anisotropic scattering and predict unphysical negative energy densities and the diffuse flux in the wrong direction. Here we fully characterize the unphysical regions of three popular approximations to the RTE for a slab, namely the $P_1$ approximation (or diffusion approximation), the $P_3$ approximation, and a popular modification to $P_3$ that corrects the forward s…
A system consisting of two slabs with different temperatures can exhibit a non-equilibrium lateral Casimir force on either one of the slabs when Lorentz reciprocity is broken in at least one of the slabs. This system constitutes a photonic heat engine that converts radiative heat into work done by the non-equilibrium lateral Casimir force. Reversely, by sliding two slabs at a sufficiently high relative velocity, heat is pumped from the slab at a lower temperature to the other one at a higher temperature. Hence the system operates as a photonic heat pump. In this work, we study the thermodynami…
The presence of topological edge modes at the interface of two perturbed honeycomb photonic crystals with $C_6$ symmetry is often attributed to the different signs of Berry curvature at the K and K$'$ valleys. In contrast to the electronic counterpart, the Chern number defined in photonic valley Hall effect is not a quantized quantity but can be tuned to finite values including zero simply by changing geometrical perturbations. Here, we argue that the edge modes in photonic valley Hall effect can exist even when Berry curvature vanishes. We numerically demonstrate the presence of the zero-Berr…
A complete photoluminescence polarization palette from a photonic-crystal slab
Institute for Physics of Microstructures RAS（俄罗斯科学院微结构物理研究所）；Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology（斯科尔科沃科学技术学院）；Harbin Engineering University（哈尔滨工程大学）；ITMO University（ITMO大学）；Lomonosov Moscow State University（莫斯科国立罗蒙诺索夫大学）；Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences（俄罗斯科学院普罗霍洛夫普通物理研究所）
