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arXiv 0709.1375astro-ph
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行星形成的确定性模型IV:I型迁移的影响

Toward a Deterministic Model of Planetary Formation IV: Effects of Type-I Migration

Shigeru Ida, D. N. C. Lin

摘要:

在确定性行星形成模型的进一步发展中(Ida & Lin 2004),我们考虑了由于潮汐与新生盘的相互作用而引起的原行星胚胎I型迁移的影响。在原恒星盘的早期嵌入阶段,虽然胚胎迅速出现在冰线内部的区域,不受抑制的I型迁移导致其有效的自我清除。但是,胚胎继续从残留的星子形成,半径越来越大,反复向内迁移,并提供了一个主要的通道,重元素吸积到它们的宿主恒星。在盘演化的高级阶段(几百万年),气体表面密度下降到与最小质量星云模型相当或更小的值,I型迁移不再是火星质量胚胎的有效破坏机制。在广泛的初始磁盘表面密度和I型迁移效率的范围内,冰线内部的胚胎存活人口的总质量是地球的几倍。有了这个储存库,就有足够的残余胚胎库存,随后组装成类似于太阳周围的岩石行星。但是,有效的气体吸积的开始需要出现和保留的核心,更大的质量比几个M_地球,之前的磁盘气体的严重耗尽。气体巨行星的形成概率以及由此预测的太阳系外气体巨行星的质量和半长轴分布敏感地取决于I型迁移的强度。我们认为,只有当实际的I型迁移时间尺度比从线性理论推导出的时间尺度长一个数量级时,才能再现所观察到的太阳型恒星与气体巨行星的比例。

英文摘要:

In a further development of a deterministic planet-formation model (Ida & Lin 2004), we consider the effect of type-I migration of protoplanetary embryos due to their tidal interaction with their nascent disks. During the early embedded phase of protostellar disks, although embryos rapidly emerge in regions interior to the ice line, uninhibited type-I migration leads to their efficient self-clearing. But, embryos continue to form from residual planetesimals at increasingly large radii, repeatedly migrate inward, and provide a main channel of heavy element accretion onto their host stars. During the advanced stages of disk evolution (a few Myr), the gas surface density declines to values comparable to or smaller than that of the minimum mass nebula model and type-I migration is no longer an effective disruption mechanism for mars-mass embryos. Over wide ranges of initial disk surface densities and type-I migration efficiency, the surviving population of embryos interior to the ice line has a total mass several times that of the Earth. With this reservoir, there is an adequate inventory of residual embryos to subsequently assemble into rocky planets similar to those around the Sun. But, the onset of efficient gas accretion requires the emergence and retention of cores, more massive than a few M_earth, prior to the severe depletion of the disk gas. The formation probability of gas giant planets and hence the predicted mass and semimajor axis distributions of extrasolar gas giants are sensitively determined by the strength of type-I migration. We suggest that the observed fraction of solar-type stars with gas giant planets can be reproduced only if the actual type-I migration time scale is an order of magnitude longer than that deduced from linear theories.

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