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arXiv quant-ph/9904078quant-ph
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无条件安全的量子掷币

Unconditionally Secure Quantum Coin Tossing

Dominic Mayers, Louis Salvail, Yoshie Chiba-Kohno

摘要:

在掷硬币中,两个远程参与者希望共享一个均匀分布的随机位。至少在量子版本中,每个参与者都要测试对方是否试图在这一点上产生偏见。对于b = 0,1,要求Alice得到比特b并通过测试的概率小于1/2,无论她做什么,Bob也是如此。如果1/2的界限对两个参与者中的任何一个都完全成立,那么实现的任务被称为精确抛硬币。如果边界实际上是$1/2 + ξ$,其中当由协议定义的安全参数m增加时,偏差$ξ$消失,则实现的任务是(非精确的)抛硬币。在这里发现,精确的硬币投掷是不可能的。同时,提出了一个实现(非精确)抛硬币的无条件安全量子协议。该协议同时执行m个有偏量子抛硬币过程。它依次执行这m个过程中的每一个的第一轮,然后执行第二轮,依此类推,直到n个过程结束。每个过程需要4 n个粒子,其中$n \in O(\lg m)$。最后一个比特x是m个随机比特的奇偶性。关于这m个比特中的每一个比特的信息被一次一点地通告,这意味着针对比特承诺所使用的原理不适用。x上的偏差小于$1/m$。根据精确抛硬币的不可能性结果讨论了这个结果。

英文摘要:

In coin tossing two remote participants want to share a uniformly distributed random bit. At the least in the quantum version, each participant test whether or not the other has attempted to create a bias on this bit. It is requested that, for b = 0,1, the probability that Alice gets bit b and pass the test is smaller than 1/2 whatever she does, and similarly for Bob. If the bound 1/2 holds perfectly against any of the two participants, the task realised is called an exact coin tossing. If the bound is actually $1/2 + ξ$ where the bias $ξ$ vanishes when a security parameter m defined by the protocol increases, the task realised is a (non exact) coin tossing. It is found here that exact coin tossing is impossible. At the same time, an unconditionally secure quantum protocol that realises a (non exact) coin tossing is proposed. The protocol executes m biased quantum coin tossing procedures at the same time. It executes the first round in each of these m procedures sequentially, then the second rounds are executed, and so on until the end of the n procedures. Each procedure requires 4n particles where $n \in O(\lg m)$. The final bit x is the parity of the m random bits. The information about each of these m bits is announced a little bit at a time which implies that the principle used against bit commitment does not apply. The bias on x is smaller than $1/m$. The result is discussed in the light of the impossibility result for exact coin tossing.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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