arXiv quant-ph/06081902006-08quant-ph

主观概率与量子确定性

Subjective probability and quantum certainty

Carlton M. Caves, Christopher A. Fuchs, Ruediger Schack

备注：: 20 pages RevTeX, 1 figure, extensive changes in response to referees' comments

摘要：

在量子力学的贝叶斯方法中，概率--因此量子态--代表了一个主体的信念程度，而不是对应于物理系统的客观属性。本文研究了量子力学中的确定性概念。特别是，我们展示了如何从纯量子态的概率-1预测突出我们的贝叶斯方法之间的根本区别，一方面，哥本哈根和其他类似的解释。我们首先回顾一下概率总是代表信念程度这一一般主张的主要论据。然后，我们认为，一个量子态准备的一些物理设备总是依赖于代理的先验信念，这意味着概率-1预测来自该状态也依赖于代理的先验信念。因此，量子确定性总是某个主体的确定性。相反，如果关于实验设置的事实可能意味着测量结果的独立于主体的确定性，就像在许多类似哥本哈根的解释中一样，该结果将有效地对应于预先存在的系统属性。然而，认为测量结果必然对应于预先存在的系统属性的想法与局部性相冲突。我们强调这一点，给出一个版本的论点的楼梯[A。楼梯菲尔Sci. 50，578（1983）]，它将Kochen-Specker定理应用于纠缠二分系统。

英文摘要：

In the Bayesian approach to quantum mechanics, probabilities--and thus quantum states--represent an agent's degrees of belief, rather than corresponding to objective properties of physical systems. In this paper we investigate the concept of certainty in quantum mechanics. Particularly, we show how the probability-1 predictions derived from pure quantum states highlight a fundamental difference between our Bayesian approach, on the one hand, and Copenhagen and similar interpretations on the other. We first review the main arguments for the general claim that probabilities always represent degrees of belief. We then argue that a quantum state prepared by some physical device always depends on an agent's prior beliefs, implying that the probability-1 predictions derived from that state also depend on the agent's prior beliefs. Quantum certainty is therefore always some agent's certainty. Conversely, if facts about an experimental setup could imply agent-independent certainty for a measurement outcome, as in many Copenhagen-like interpretations, that outcome would effectively correspond to a preexisting system property. The idea that measurement outcomes occurring with certainty correspond to preexisting system properties is, however, in conflict with locality. We emphasize this by giving a version of an argument of Stairs [A. Stairs, Phil. Sci. 50, 578 (1983)], which applies the Kochen-Specker theorem to an entangled bipartite system.

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