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有限商环GF(2)[ $x$ ]/ $< x^{3} - x>$上的射影线与量子纠缠II人鱼“魔法”广场/五角星

The Projective Line Over the Finite Quotient Ring GF(2)[$x$]/$< x^{3} - x>$ and Quantum Entanglement II. The Mermin "Magic" Square/Pentagram

Metod Saniga, Michel Planat, Milan Minarovjech

摘要:

1993年,Mermin(Rev. Mod. Phys. 65,803- 815)分别利用后来被称为Mermin(-Peres)“幻方”和Mermin五角星形的东西,在四维和八维的希尔伯特空间中给出了贝尔-科亨-斯佩克(BKS)定理的清晰和惊人的简单证明。前者是一个由九个可观测量组成的$3 \times 3$阵列,每行和每列成对交换,并进行排列,使它们的积性质与指定特征值的积性质相矛盾。后者是一组10个观测值,排列成五组,每组四个,沿着五角星形的五条边排列,其特征是类似的矛盾。建立了乘积环${\rm GF}(2) \otimes \rm{GF}(2)$上Mermin-Peres方的算子与射影直线上的点之间的一对一的对应关系.在这种映射下,“相互交换”的概念转化为“相互距离”,第三列的可观测量的区别特征在对应点的坐标的区别属性中有对应的特征,其条目都是零因子或单位。Mermin五芒星的十个算子对应于GF(2)[ $x$ ]/ $<x^{3} - x>$上直线上的特定点子集。然而,这里的情况更加复杂,因为有两种不同的配置似乎同样适合我们的目的。第一个特征包括GF(2)上的(子)线的三个区别点,它们的三个“Jacobson”对应点和两个坐标都是零因子的四个点;另一个特征是点($1, 0$)的邻域(或者,等价地,($0, 1$)的邻域)。还提到了其他一些可能与高维BKS证明相关的环线。

英文摘要:

In 1993, Mermin (Rev. Mod. Phys. 65, 803--815) gave lucid and strikingly simple proofs of the Bell-Kochen-Specker (BKS) theorem in Hilbert spaces of dimensions four and eight by making use of what has since been referred to as the Mermin(-Peres) "magic square" and the Mermin pentagram, respectively. The former is a $3 \times 3$ array of nine observables commuting pairwise in each row and column and arranged so that their product properties contradict those of the assigned eigenvalues. The latter is a set of ten observables arranged in five groups of four lying along five edges of the pentagram and characterized by similar contradiction. An interesting one-to-one correspondence between the operators of the Mermin-Peres square and the points of the projective line over the product ring ${\rm GF}(2) \otimes \rm{GF}(2)$ is established. Under this mapping, the concept "mutually commuting" translates into "mutually distant" and the distinguishing character of the third column's observables has its counterpart in the distinguished properties of the coordinates of the corresponding points, whose entries are both either zero-divisors, or units. The ten operators of the Mermin pentagram answer to a specific subset of points of the line over GF(2)[$x$]/$<x^{3} - x>$. The situation here is, however, more intricate as there are two different configurations that seem to serve equally well our purpose. The first one comprises the three distinguished points of the (sub)line over GF(2), their three "Jacobson" counterparts and the four points whose both coordinates are zero-divisors; the other features the neighbourhood of the point ($1, 0$) (or, equivalently, that of ($0, 1$)). Some other ring lines that might be relevant for BKS proofs in higher dimensions are also mentioned.

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