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arXiv quant-ph/0601056quant-ph
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量子布朗运动与热力学第三定律

Quantum Brownian motion and the Third Law of thermodynamics

Peter Hänggi, Gert-Ludwig Ingold

摘要:

研究了存在有限量子耗散时小系统的量子热力学行为。我们考虑阻尼谐振子和自由量子布朗粒子的原型情况。一个主要的发现是,量子耗散有助于确保第三定律的有效性。对于量子振荡器,有限阻尼取代了零耦合的结果,指数抑制的比热在低温下的幂律行为。自由量子布朗粒子的行为更令人感兴趣。在这种情况下,量子耗散能够恢复第三定律:比热不再在零温度下保持恒定,而是与温度成正比地消失,其幅度与欧姆耗散强度成反比。有限量子耗散的一个独特的微妙之处是,子系统的各种热力学函数不仅取决于耗散强度,而且还取决于定义中所采用的规定。

英文摘要:

The quantum thermodynamic behavior of small systems is investigated in presence of finite quantum dissipation. We consider the archetype cases of a damped harmonic oscillator and a free quantum Brownian particle. A main finding is that quantum dissipation helps to ensure the validity of the Third Law. For the quantum oscillator, finite damping replaces the zero-coupling result of an exponential suppression of the specific heat at low temperatures by a power-law behavior. Rather intriguing is the behavior of the free quantum Brownian particle. In this case, quantum dissipation is able to restore the Third Law: Instead of being constant down to zero temperature, the specific heat now vanishes proportional to temperature with an amplitude that is inversely proportional to the ohmic dissipation strength. A distinct subtlety of finite quantum dissipation is the result that the various thermodynamic functions of the sub-system do not only depend on the dissipation strength but depend as well on the prescription employed in their definition.

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