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arXiv quant-ph/0511266quant-ph
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统计零知识和量子单向函数

Statistical Zero Knowledge and quantum one-way functions

Elham Kashefi, Iordanis Kerenidis

摘要:

单向函数是经典密码学中一个非常重要的概念。然而,这些函数的大多数例子,包括因子分解、离散对数或RSA函数,都可以在量子计算机的帮助下进行反演。在本文中,我们研究了单向函数,很难逆转,甚至由量子对手,并描述了一组问题,这是很好的候选人。这些问题包括图的非同构、近似最近格向量和群的非成员性。更一般地说,我们表明,电路量子采样的任何硬的情况下产生一个量子单向函数。通过Aharonov和Ta-Shma的工作,这意味着任何统计零知识中的语言,对于量子计算机来说,平均来说都是困难的,都会导致量子单向函数。此外,将Impagliazzo和Luby的结果推广到量子情形,证明了量子分布单向函数与量子单向函数是等价的。最后,我们探索量子单向函数和复杂性类QMA之间的联系,并表明,类似于经典的情况下,如果任何上述候选问题是QMA-完全的,那么量子单向函数的存在导致QMA和AvgBQP的分离。

英文摘要:

One-way functions are a very important notion in the field of classical cryptography. Most examples of such functions, including factoring, discrete log or the RSA function, can be, however, inverted with the help of a quantum computer. In this paper, we study one-way functions that are hard to invert even by a quantum adversary and describe a set of problems which are good such candidates. These problems include Graph Non-Isomorphism, approximate Closest Lattice Vector and Group Non-Membership. More generally, we show that any hard instance of Circuit Quantum Sampling gives rise to a quantum one-way function. By the work of Aharonov and Ta-Shma, this implies that any language in Statistical Zero Knowledge which is hard-on-average for quantum computers, leads to a quantum one-way function. Moreover, extending the result of Impagliazzo and Luby to the quantum setting, we prove that quantum distributionally one-way functions are equivalent to quantum one-way functions. Last, we explore the connections between quantum one-way functions and the complexity class QMA and show that, similarly to the classical case, if any of the above candidate problems is QMA-complete then the existence of quantum one-way functions leads to the separation of QMA and AvgBQP.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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