This paper introduces quantum analogues of non-interactive perfect and statistical zero-knowledge proof systems. Similar to the classical cases, it is shown that sharing randomness or entanglement is necessary for non-trivial protocols of non-interactive quantum perfect and statistical zero-knowledge. It is also shown that, with sharing EPR pairs a priori, the class of languages having one-sided bounded error non-interactive quantum perfect zero-knowledge proof systems has a natural complete problem. Non-triviality of such a proof system is based on the fact proved in this paper that the Graph Non-Automorphism problem, which is not known in BQP, can be reduced to our complete problem. Our results may be the first non-trivial quantum zero-knowledge proofs secure even against dishonest quantum verifiers, since our protocols are non-interactive, and thus the zero-knowledge property does not depend on whether the verifier in the protocol is honest or not. A restricted version of our complete problem derives a natural complete problem for BQP.
Non-Interactive Statistically-Hiding Quantum Bit Commitment from Any Quantum One-Way Function
本文提出了一种非交互式的量子比特承诺方案,该方案对任何量子单向函数都具有隐藏性和计算绑定性。我们的协议基本上是以前的非交互式量子比特承诺计划(基于量子单向排列,由于Dumais,Mayer和Salvail(EUROWALPT 2000))与成对独立的散列函数的并行组合。为了从任意量子单向函数构造非交互量子比特承诺方案,我们遵循以下步骤:(i)从Dumais-Mayer-Salvail方案到弱隐藏和二选一绑定承诺(ii)从弱隐藏和2选1绑定承诺到强隐藏和2选1绑定承诺;(iii)从强隐藏和二选一约束承诺到正常隐藏承诺。在经典的情况下,可以使用自动隐藏比特承诺方案(Haitner,Nguyen,Ong,Reingold和Vadhan(SIAM J. Comput.,Vol.39,2009))也可以从任何单向函数构造。虽然经典的隐藏比特承诺具有较大的轮复杂度,但我们的量子方案是非交互的,这比经典方案更有优势。一个主要的技术贡献是提供了一个量子模拟的新的互动哈希定理,由于海特纳和Reingold(CCC 2007)。此外,并行组合使我们能够大大简化安全分析。
The class of languages having polynomial-time classical or quantum interactive proof systems ($\mathsf{IP}$ or $\mathsf{QIP}$, respectively) is identical to $\mathsf{PSPACE}$. We show that $\mathsf{PSPACE}$ (and so $\mathsf{QIP}$) is subset of $\mathsf{AM(2QCFA)}$, the class of languages having Arthur-Merlin proof systems where the verifiers are two-way finite automata with quantum and classical states (2QCFAs) communicating with the provers classically. Our protocols use only rational-valued quantum transitions and run in double-exponential expected time. Moreover, the member strings are acce…