Invariants of multiple-qubit systems under stochastic local operations
Gregg Jaeger, Mihail Teodorescu-Frumosu, Alexander Sergienko, Bahaa E. A. Saleh, Malvin C. Teich
备注：
12 pages, 0 figures. Contribution to the international conference Foundations of probability and physics 2, June 2 through June 7, 2002, held at the International Center for Mathematical Modelling in physics, engineering and cognitive sciences, Vaxjo University, Vaxjo, Sweden (to appear in proceedings of the conference.) This contribution presents in full detail the formal context for the invariant length discussed in quant-ph/0301128
发表信息：
Foundations of Probability and Physics-2, Series on Mathematical Modelling in Physics, Engineering and Cognitive Science, vol. 5, edited by A. Khrennikov (Växjö University Press, Växjö, Sweden, 2003), pp. 273-284
We investigate the behavior of quantum states under stochastic local quantum operations and classical communication (SLOCC) for fixed numbers of qubits. We explicitly exhibit the homomorphism between complex and real groups for two-qubits, and use the latter to describe the effect of SLOCC operations on two-qubit states. We find an expression for the polarization Lorentz group invariant length, which is the Minkowskian analog of the quantum state purity, the corresponding Euclidean length. The construction presented is immediately generalizable to any finite number of qubits.
Universal quantum computing relies on high-fidelity entangling operations. Here we demonstrate that four coupled qubits can operate as a quantum gate, where two qubits control the operation on two target qubits (a four-qubit gate). This configuration can implement four different controlled two-qubit gates: two different entangling swap and phase operations, a phase operation distinguishing states of different parity, and the identity operation (idle quantum gate), where the choice of gate is set by the state of the control qubits. The device exploits quantum interference to control the operati…
Superconducting quantum circuit is a promising system for building quantum computer. With this system we demonstrate the universal quantum computations, including the preparing of initial states, the single-qubit operations, the two-qubit universal gate operations between arbitrary qubits, the multiple pairs of two-qubit gate operations in parallel, the coupling operations on a group of qubits in parallel, the coupling operations on multiple groups of qubits in parallel, the coupling operations on multiple pairs and multiple groups of qubits in parallel. Within available technology, a universa…
L. Lamata et al. have presented an entanglement classification of four qubits under stochastic local operation and classical communication (SLOCC) based on inductive approach [Phys. Rev. A \textbf{75}, 022318 (2007)]. While it works well for three qubits, we show that some of the families for four qubits have overlaps and hence this approach is not valid for entanglement classification of four or more qubits under SLOCC.
A new concept of qubits is given by considering entanglement of ordinary quibits with quantum measuring devices (micro-detectors). They are called stochastic qubits since they are generalized coherent states used in the stochastic (phase space) quantum theory. Entanglement is realized through the coupling of angular momenta $l$ and $σ$, where the micro-detector has $l=0,1$ and the qubit spin is $σ=1/2$. In both cases, the stochastic qubit has total spin $J=1/2$ and is entangled only when $l=1$. In this case, Stochastic Bell states have been defined and teleportation has been studied. They rese…
In a superconducting quantum processor with nearest neighbor coupling, the dispersive interaction between adjacent qubits can result in an effective next-nearest-neighbor coupling whose strength depends on the state of the intermediary qubit. Here, we theoretically explore the possibility of engineering this next-nearest-neighbor coupling to implement controlled two-qubit operations where the intermediary qubit controls the operation on the next-nearest neighbor pair of qubits. In particular, in a system comprising two types of superconducting qubits with anharmonicities of opposite-sign arran…
We introduce a two-qubit engine that is powered by entangling operations and projective local quantum measurements. Energy is extracted from the detuned qubits coherently exchanging a single excitation. This engine, which uses the information and back-action of the measurement, is generalized to an N-qubit chain. We show that by gradually increasing the energy splitting along the chain, the initial low energy of the first qubit can be up-converted deterministically to an arbitrarily high energy at the last qubit by successive neighbor swap operations and local measurements. Modeling the local …
We show a certain kind of non-local operations can be simulated by sampling a set of local operations with a quasi-probability distribution when the task of a quantum circuit is to evaluate an expectation value of observables. Utilizing the result, we describe a strategy to decompose a two-qubit gate to a sequence of single-qubit operations. Required operations are projective measurement of a qubit in Pauli basis, and $π/2$ rotation around x, y, and z axes. The required number of sampling to get an expectation value of a target observable within an error of $ε$ is roughly $O(9^k/ε^2)$, where $…
A quantum algorithm for the calculation of $π$ is proposed and implemented on the five-qubit IBM quantum computer with superconducting qubits. We find $π=3.157\pm0.017$. The error is due to the noise of quantum one-qubit operations and measurements. The results can be used for estimating the errors of the quantum computer and suggest that the errors are purely random.
We derive a family of stochastic master equations describing homodyne measurement of multi-qubit diagonal observables in circuit quantum electrodynamics. In the regime where qubit decay can be neglected, our approach replaces the polaron-like transformation of previous work, which required a lengthy calculation for the physically interesting case of three qubits and two resonator modes. The technique introduced here makes this calculation straightforward and manifestly correct. Using this technique, we are able to show that registers larger than one qubit evolve under a non-Markovian master eq…
The resource theory of coherence studies the operational value of superpositions in quantum technologies. A key question in this theory concerns the efficiency of manipulation and interconversion of this resource. Here we solve this question completely for mixed states of qubits by determining the optimal probabilities for mixed state conversions via stochastic incoherent operations. This implies new lower bounds on the asymptotic state conversion rate between mixed single-qubit states which in some cases is proven to be tight. Furthermore, we obtain the minimal distillable coherence for given…
We investigate a non-adiabatic holonomic operation that enables us to entangle two fixed-frequency superconducting transmon qubits attached to a common bus resonator. Two coherent microwave tones are applied simultaneously to the two qubits and drive transitions between the first excited resonator state and the second excited state of each qubit. The cyclic evolution within this effective 3-level $Λ$-system gives rise to a holonomic operation entangling the two qubits. Two-qubit states with 95\% fidelity, limited mainly by charge-noise of the current device, are created within $213~\rm{ns}$. T…
Here, we numerically simulate probabilistic elementary entangling operations between rail-encoded photons for the purpose of scalable universal quantum computation or communication. We propose grouping logical qubits into single-photon blocks wherein single-qubit rotations and the CNOT gate are fully deterministic and simple to implement. Inter-block communication is then allowed through said probabilistic entangling operations. We find a promising trend in the increasing probability of successful inter-block communication as we increase the number of optical modes operated on by our elementar…
We investigate the single qubit transformations under several typical coherence-free operations, such as, incoherent operation (IO), strictly incoherent operation (SIO), physically incoherent operation (PIO), and coherence preserving operation (CPO). Quantitative connection has been built between IO and SIO in single qubit systems. Moreover, these coherence-free operations have a clear hierarchical relationship in single qubit systems: CPO $\subset$ PIO $\subset$ SIO=IO. A new and explicit proof for the necessary and sufficient condition of single qubit transformation via IO or SIO has been pr…
Engineering quantum operations is one of the main abilities we need for developing quantum technologies and designing new fundamental tests. Here we propose a scheme for realising a controlled operation acting on a travelling quantum field, whose functioning is determined by an input qubit. This study introduces new concepts and methods in the interface of continuous- and discrete-variable quantum optical systems.
High-quality-factor 3D cavities in superconducting circuits are ideal candidates for bosonic logical qubits as their fidelity is limited only by the low photon loss rate. However, the transmon qubits that are used to manipulate bosonic qubits result in the emergence of additional relaxation and dephasing channels. In this work, a numerical study is performed to elucidate the effect of the various loss channels on the performance of logical gates on a bosonic qubit. A gate error model is developed that encapsulates the loss mechanisms for arbitrary gate operations and predicts experimentally ac…
The current work investigates the performance of dual-gate GaAs-nanowire FET as a charge-qubit device operating at room temperature. In compatibility with the state-of-the-art classical bit technology, it is shown that the single gate of a nanowire FET can be replaced by two localized gates to achieve such charge-qubit operation. On application of relevant biases to the localized gates, two voltage tunable quantum dots are created within the nanowire channel with electrostatically controlled single-state-occupancy and inter-dot coupling leading to charge-qubit operation at room temperature. Th…
Fault-tolerant quantum computing demands many qubits with long lifetimes to conduct accurate quantum gate operations. However, external noise limits the computing time of physical qubits. Quantum error correction codes may extend such limits, but imperfect gate operations introduce errors to the correction procedure as well. The additional gate operations required due to the physical layout of qubits exacerbate the situation. Here, we use density-matrix simulations to investigate the performance change of logical qubits according to quantum error correction codes and qubit layouts and the expe…
Spin qubits are very valuable and scalable candidates in the area of quantum computation and simulation applications. In the last decades, they have been deeply investigated from a theoretical point of view and realized on the scale of few devices in the laboratories. In semiconductors, spin qubits can be built confining the spin of electrons in electrostatically defined quantum dots. Through this approach it is possible to create different implementations: single electron spin qubit, singlet-triplet spin qubit, or a three electrons architecture, e. g. the hybrid qubit. For each qubit type, we…
Efficient implementation of quantum algorithms requires single- or multi-qubit gates with high fidelity. In this report, we report that the fidelity of single-qubit gate operations on open quantum systems has a maximum value corresponding to an optimum value of the drive-amplitude in the presence of drive-induced decoherence. To show this, we use a previously reported fluctuation-regulated quantum master equation [Phys. Rev. A 97, 063837 (2018)]. The fidelity is found to be a function of the drive-induced dissipative terms as well as the relaxation terms arising from the qubit-environment coup…
