Why Decoherence has not Solved the Measurement Problem: A Response to P. W. Anderson
Stephen L. Adler
我们讨论为什么，相反的索赔最近提出的P。安德森，退相干并没有解决量子测量的问题。
We discuss why, contrary to claims recently made by P. W. Anderson, decoherence has not solved the quantum measurement problem.
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Effects of internal and external decoherence on the resonant transport and Anderson localization of fermionic particles in the tight-binding chain
该研究区分外（接触区）、内（链内）两类退相干，分析其对紧束缚链费米子量子输运的影响，发现外退相干仅降低电导涨落不改变局域化长度，内退相干则会抑制Anderson局域化。
Decoherence is an echo of Anderson localization in open quantum systems
本文通过为 Lindblad 生成元建立几何预解方程和有限体积判据，证明在具有能隙或强无序的开放量子系统中退相干导致位置基非对角元指数衰减，从而将安德森局域化推广到开放量子系统。
Why We Don't Need Quantum Planetary Dynamics: Decoherence and the Correspondence Principle for Chaotic Systems
对于非常宏观的孤立量子系统，在相当短的时间尺度上可能会发生违反对应原理的情况，如土星混乱翻滚的卫星土星的情况所示，量子和经典预测预计将在大约20年的时间尺度上出现分歧。受量子力学的启发，我们回顾了“量子混沌”的显著特征，并表明退相干是经典极限的基本成分，因为它使人们能够解决经典混沌系统的对应原理崩溃所引起的明显悖论。
The argument for an objective wave function collapse: Why spontaneous localization collapse or no-collapse decoherence cannot solve the measurement problem in a subjective fashion
对测量问题的更详细的分析继续支持Shimony和作者所采取的立场，即波函数的崩溃以客观的方式发生在视网膜的视紫红质分子中。这进一步质疑了在视觉皮层中以主观方式发生的自发定位塌陷过程或非塌陷退相干过程的理论。按照阿南丹的说法，这一可能性被提出来，即量子理论中测量问题的解决方案是否允许人们解决量子化引力的问题。
The Anderson model with decoherence features a temporal evolution from localized eigenstates to a uniform spatial distribution bar any interference features. We discuss the growth and decay of pronounced interference peaks on transient time-scales and develop an analytic understanding for the emergence of these peaks.
The interplay of Anderson localisation and decoherence results in intricate dynamics but is notoriously difficult to simulate on classical computers. We develop the framework for a quantum simulation of such an open quantum system making use of time-varying randomised gradients, and show that even an implementation with limited experimental resources results in accurate simulations.
Although the solution, within standard quantum physics, of the problem of outcomes has been published several times, many authors continue to treat measurement as an unsolved fundamental dilemma. The solution lies in the formation of entangled subsystems, the non-local nature of the measurement state, and the resulting distinction between mixed-state local outcomes and the pure-state global outcome. Upon "measurement" (i.e. entanglement), the quantum system and its measurement apparatus both decohere and collapse into local mixed states while the unitarily-evolving global state remains coheren…
Decoherence of Quantum Fields: Pointer States and Predictability
研究了均匀线性介质中电磁场的环境诱导退相干。我们推导出一个独立的振荡器模型，这样的环境，这是足够现实的，基本上包括所有的线性物理光学。应用“可预测性筛”的量子场，并引入“量子晕”的概念，我们恢复熟悉的二分法之间的背景场配置和周围的光子激发。然后，我们能够解释为什么电磁场的典型线性环境将有效地使前者经典地不同，但使后者完全量子力学。最后，我们建议如何以及为什么量子物质场应该遭受一个非常不同的形式的退相干。
Why is the universe not frozen by the quantum Zeno effect?
本研究构建普适离散模型模拟两能级系统自由演化与退相干的竞争，推导出芝诺效应冻结的解析判据，验证后发现一般情形下自由演化占优从而解释宇宙未冻结的原因，且与Lindblad主方程连续模型在低耦合区吻合。
The Fermi edge singularity and the Anderson orthogonality catastrophe describe the universal physics which occurs when a Fermi sea is locally quenched by the sudden switching of a scattering potential, leading to a brutal disturbance of its ground state. We demonstrate that the effect can be seen in the controllable domain of ultracold trapped gases by providing an analytic description of the out-of-equilibrium response to an atomic impurity, both at zero and at finite temperature. Furthermore, we link the transient behavior of the gas to the decoherence of the impurity, and, in particular to …
In Crull (2015) it is argued that, in order to confront outstanding problems in cosmology and quantum gravity, interpretational aspects of quantum theory can by bypassed because decoherence is able to resolve them. As a result, Crull (2015) concludes that our focus on conceptual and interpretational issues, while dealing with such matters in Okon and Sudarsky (2014), is avoidable and even pernicious. Here we will defend our position by showing in detail why decoherence does not help in the resolution of foundational questions in quantum mechanics, such as the measurement problem or the emergen…
The problem of measurement is often considered as an inconsistency inside the quantum formalism. Many attempts to solve (or to dissolve) it have been made since the inception of quantum mechanics. The form of these attempts depends on the philosophical position that their authors endorse. I will review some of them and analyze their relevance. The phenomenon of decoherence is often presented as a solution lying inside the pure quantum formalism and not demanding any particular philosophical assumption. Nevertheless, a widely debated question is to decide between two different interpretations. …
Dephasing-induced mobility edges in quasicrystals
本文证明纯退相干效应可在准晶中诱导出迁移率边，并反直觉地增强激发局域化，通过合成网格晶格中的光子量子行走加以验证。
Understanding NP-complete problems is a central topic in computer science. This is why adiabatic quantum optimization has attracted so much attention, as it provided a new approach to tackle NP-complete problems using a quantum computer. The efficiency of this approach is limited by small spectral gaps between the ground and excited states of the quantum computer's Hamiltonian. We show that the statistics of the gaps can be analyzed in a novel way, borrowed from the study of quantum disordered systems in statistical mechanics. It turns out that due to a phenomenon similar to Anderson localizat…
Considering the neutrino state like an open quantum system, we analyze its propagation in vacuum or in matter. After defining what can be called decoherence and relaxation effects, we show that in general the probabilities in vacuum and in constant matter can be written in a similar way, which is not an obvious result in this approach. From this result, we analyze the situation where neutrinos evolution satisfies the adiabatic limit and use this formalim to study solar neutrinos. We show that the decoherence effect may not be bounded by the solar neutrino data and review some results in the li…
In the many worlds community seems to exist a belief that the physics of a quantum theory is completely defined by it's Hamilton operator given in an abstract Hilbert space, especially that the position basis may be derived from it as preferred using decoherence techniques. We show, by an explicit example of non-uniqueness, taken from the theory of the KdV equation, that the Hamilton operator alone is not sufficient to fix the physics. We need the canonical operators p, q as well. As a consequence, it is not possible to derive a "preferred basis" from the Hamilton operator alone, without postu…
Spin-Based Quantum Computers made by Chemistry: Hows and Whys
这篇介绍性的评论讨论了试图从基于自旋的量子比特构建量子信息处理系统（如量子计算机）所面临的主要问题。我们强调使用化学方法的“自下而上”的尝试。解释了量子计算的基本原理，以及量子位和它们在物理自旋量子位方面的相互作用的描述。要克服的主要问题是退相干-这是如何工作的描述，以及如何抑制贡献的自旋浴和振荡器浴环境，并从偶极相互作用。最后，我们讨论了利用磁性分子和磁性离子制造基于化学的自旋量子比特的各种策略。
Macroscopic quantum systems (MQS) are macroscopic systems driven by quantum rather than classical mechanics, a long studied area with minimal success till recently. Harnessing the benefits of quantum mechanics on a macroscopic level would revolutionize fields ranging from telecommunication to biology, the latter focused on here for reasons discussed. Contrary to misconceptions, there are no known physical laws that prevent the development of MQS. Instead, they are generally believed universally lost in complex systems from environmental entanglements (decoherence). But we argue success is achi…
Quantum Dynamics Happens Only on Paper: QBism's Account of Decoherence
针对QBism难以解释未执行测量时量子态赋值约束的问题，本文基于van Fraassen反射原理提出表示定理，通过智能体对测量行动的信念解释量子动力学，无需引入环境即可理解开放系统动力学，确立测量为量子理论核心概念。
Nonlinear gauge interactions - A solution to the "measurement problem" in quantum mechanics?
我们提出，在量子力学中，引起“波函数坍缩“（或广义上的“退相干”）的机制是通过非阿贝尔规范相互作用已经存在于理论中的非线性。与所有其他自发坍缩模型不同，就我们所知，我们的建议是唯一一个没有在理论中引入任何新元素的建议。事实上，除非规范相互作用非线性不完全用于这一目的，否则人们必须解释为什么它们引入的叠加原理的违反不会破坏量子力学。该模型的一个可能的实验测试将是比较相干长度，例如，双缝实验中的电子和光子。电子应该有一个有限的相干长度，而光子应该有一个更长的（原则上无限）相干长度。
Despite high hopes for quantum computation in the 1990s, progress in the past decade has been slow; we still cannot perform computation with more than about three qubits and are no closer to solving problems of real interest than a decade ago. Separately, recent experiments in fluid mechanics have demonstrated the emergence of a full range of quantum phenomena from completely classical motion. We present two specific hypotheses. First, Kuramoto theory may give a basis for geometrical thinking about entanglement. Second, we consider a recent soliton model of the electron, in which the quantum-m…
Toward reconstruction of relative state formulation of quantum theory
在量子理论中，人们普遍认为所有的实验结果必须与基于哥本哈根解释的理论预测一致。然而，哥本哈根解释中的经典体系尚未被定义。另一方面，尽管退相干的研究试图解释经典世界的出现，但它不能回答为什么我们在被观测系统中观察到一个本征态。这些情况表明，我们所观察到的东西和物理定律之间的关系还没有得到阐明。在这里，我通过发展埃弗雷特的建议来阐明这种关系。从这一观点出发，指出了脑科学在把我们在大脑中观察到的东西归为主观知觉过程的过程中，陷入了循环论证的困境，并对脑科学未来的研究方向提出了建议。
In this work we analyze the deep link between the 20th Century positivist re-foundation of physics and the famous measurement problem of quantum mechanics. We attempt to show why this is not an "obvious" nor "self evident" problem for the theory of quanta, but rather a direct consequence of the empirical-positivist understanding of physical theories when applied to the orthodox quantum formalism. In contraposition, we discuss a representational realist account of both physical 'theories' and 'measurement' which goes back to the works of Einstein, Heisenberg and Pauli. After presenting a critic…
According to cosmological inflation, the inhomogeneities in our universe are of quantum mechanical origin. This scenario is phenomenologically very appealing as it solves the puzzles of the standard hot big bang model and naturally explains why the spectrum of cosmological perturbations is almost scale invariant. It is also an ideal playground to discuss deep questions among which is the quantum measurement problem in a cosmological context. Although the large squeezing of the quantum state of the perturbations and the phenomenon of decoherence explain many aspects of the quantum to classical …
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