L. Vaidman
Interaction-free measurements introduced by Elitzur and Vaidman [Found. Phys. 23, 987 (1993)] allow finding infinitely fragile objects without destroying them. Paradoxical features of these and related measurements are discussed. The resolution of the paradoxes in the framework of the Many-Worlds Interpretation is proposed.
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If a quantum system is prepared and later post-selected in certain states, "paradoxical" predictions for intermediate measurements can be obtained. This is the case both when the intermediate measurement is strong, i.e. a projective measurement with Luders-von Neumann update rule, or with weak measurements where they show up in anomalous weak values. Leifer and Spekkens [quant-ph/0412178] identified a striking class of such paradoxes, known as logical pre- and post-selection paradoxes, and showed that they are indirectly connected with contextuality. By analysing the measurement-disturbance re…
Many seemingly paradoxical effects are known in the predictions for outcomes of measurements made on pre- and post-selected quantum systems. A class of such effects, which we call ``logical pre- and post-selection paradoxes'', bear a striking resemblance to proofs of the Bell-Kochen-Specker theorem, which suggests that they demonstrate the contextuality of quantum mechanics. Despite the apparent similarity, we show that such effects can occur in noncontextual hidden variable theories, provided measurements are allowed to disturb the values of the hidden variables.
Association between quantum paradoxes based on weak values and a realistic interpretation of quantum measurements
本文证明基于弱值的量子悖论与量子测量的实在论解释等价，否认该观点即可消除悖论，揭示其强假设与问题。
As a serious attempt for constructing a new foundation for describing micro-incidents from a local causal standpoint, I explained before that each micro-entity can be assumed to be composed of a probability field joined to a particle (called a particle-field or PF system) which is endowed with energy, having an objective character. In this essay, some odd quantum phenomena including the tunneling effect, the measurement problem and the EPR theorem are reexamined in detail from the standpoint of the new theory.
In this presentation, I argue that weak measurements empirically support the notion of quantum superpositions as statistical alternatives. In short, weak measurements show that Schroedinger's cat is already dead or alive before the measurement. The collapse of the wavefunction in a strong measurement should therefore be separated into the statistical selection of one of the available alternatives and a physical interaction that causes decoherence. The application to entanglement reveals that measurements in A have no physical effect in B, resolving the paradox of Bell`s inequality violation in…
We describe a joint cohomological framework for measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) and the corresponding contextuality proofs. The central object in this framework is an element in the second cohomology group of the chain complex describing a given MBQC. It contains the function computed, up to gauge equivalence, and at the same time is a contextuality witness. The present cohomological description only applies to temporally flat MBQCs, and we outline an approach for extending it to the temporally ordered case.
A formulation of quantum mechanics based on an operational definition of state is presented. This formulation, which includes explicitly the macroscopic systems, assumes the probabilistic interpretation and is nevertheless objective. The classical paradoxes of quantum mechanics are analyzed and their origin is found to be the fictitious properties that are usually attributed to quantum-mechanical states. The hypothesis that any mixed state can always be considered as an incoherent superposition of pure states is found to contradict quantum mechanics. A solution of EPR paradox is proposed. It i…
We consider a finite-dimensional quantum system, making a transition between known initial and final states. The outcomes of several accurate measurements, which {\it could be} made in the interim, define virtual paths, each endowed with a probability amplitude. If the measurements are {\it actually made}, the paths, which may now be called "real", acquire also the probabilities, related to the frequencies, with which a path is seen to be travelled in a series of identical trials. Different sets of measurements, made on the same system, can produce different, or incompatible, statistical ensem…
In the hidden measurement formalism that we develop in Brussels we explain the quantum structure as due to the presence of two effects, (a) a real change of state of the system under influence of the measurement and, (b) a lack of knowledge about a deeper deterministic reality of the measurement process. We show that the presence of these two effects leads to the major part of the quantum mechanical structure of a theory where the measurements contain the two mentioned effects. We present a quantum machine, where we can illustrate in a simple way how the quantum structure arises as a consequen…
Non-Commutation Chains in Pre- and Post-Selection Paradoxes
本文证明受限情形下逻辑预选择与后选择悖论均容许非对易链，并将其与因果平衡理论相联系，说明该理论可阻止此类悖论。
Wigner's Friend paradoxes: consistency with weak-contextual and weak-macroscopic realism models
本文从宏观实在论一致性视角审视维格纳的朋友悖论，提出对应宏观不同状态的悖论版本，证明其与弱宏观实在论一致，揭示悖论源于确定性宏观局域实在论失效及贝尔局域性部分假设不成立。
Many seemingly paradoxical effects are known in the predictions for outcomes of intermediate measurements made on pre- and post-selected quantum systems. Despite appearances, these effects do not demonstrate the impossibility of a noncontextual hidden variable theory, since an explanation in terms of measurement-disturbance is possible. Nonetheless, we show that for every paradoxical effect wherein all the pre- and post- selected probabilities are 0 or 1 and the pre- and post-selected states are nonorthogonal, there is an associated proof of contextuality. This proof is obtained by considering…
Comment on "Association between quantum paradoxes based on weak values and a realistic interpretation of quantum measurements"
本文指出Aredes和Saldanha对弱值悖论的分析存在形式错误，通过Bohmian力学证明其结论不适用于所有弱值和量子理论，强调弱值后选择位置可被解释为量子系统属性。
Quantum Paradoxes and the Quantum-Classical Transition under Unitary Measurement Dynamics with Random Hamiltonians
该研究通过随机哈密顿量下的单位元动力学框架，揭示了测量、状态缩减和量子-经典过渡的产生机制，无需非单位元塌缩或额外公理。
The paradoxes of the double-slit and the EPR experiments with particles are shown to originate in the implicit assumption that the particles are always located in the classical space. It is demonstrated that there exists a natural substitute for this assumption that provides a method of resolving the paradoxes.
Any theory that admits a Wigner's Friend type multi-agent paradox is logically contextual
本研究证明任何允许维格纳朋友型多智能体悖论的理论必然具有逻辑情境性，并揭示量子弗劳希格-伦纳悖论为逻辑情境性证明，同时构建了无需贝尔非局域性的新悖论。
It is hypothesized that the Langevin time of stochastic quantum quantization is a physical time over which quantum fields at all values of space and coordinate time fluctuate. The average over paths becomes a time average as opposed to an ensemble average. It is further hypothesized that the Langevin time also paces the motion of particles through coordinate time and is equal to the coordinate time of the present hypersurface in the frame of the Hubble expansion. Despite having a preferred frame, special relativity continues to hold in this formulation as a dynamical symmetry due to the presum…
Quantum pre- and post-selection (PPS) paradoxes occur when counterfactual inferences are made about different measurements that might have been performed, between two measurements that are actually performed. The 3 box paradox is the paradigm example of such a paradox, where a ball is placed in one of three boxes and it is inferred that it would have been found, with certainty, both in box 1 and in box 2 had either box been opened on their own. Precisely what is at stake in PPS paradoxes has been unclear, and classical models have been suggested which are supposed to mimic the essential featur…
Algebraic paradoxes in adaptive quantum computation
该研究解决了自适应测量量子计算中代数语境性的开放问题，证明自适应$\boldsymbol{\boldsymbol{Z}_2}$线性MBQC协议计算非仿射布尔函数时会出现代数悖论，可通过上同调检测，为量子优势的代数分析提供了关键方法。
Interaction-Conditional Semantics and the Dissolution of Quantum Paradoxes
本文通过交互条件语义消解量子力学中的多个经典悖论，提出基于物理测量几何的相对谓词原则，重构贝尔定理和科赫-斯佩克尔定理，实现对经验现实的客观解释。
The so-called Simpson's "paradox", or Yule-Simpson (YS) effect, occurs in classical statistics when the correlations that are present among different sets of samples are reversed if the sets are combined together, thus ignoring one or more lurking variables. Here we illustrate the occurrence of two analogue effects in quantum measurements. The first, which we term quantum-classical YS effect, may occur with quantum limited measurements and with lurking variables coming from the mixing of states, whereas the second, here referred to as quantum-quantum YS effect, may take place when coherent sup…
Classical-realistic analysis of entangled systems have lead to retrodiction paradoxes, which ordinarily have been dismissed on the grounds of counter-factuality. Instead, we claim that such paradoxes point to a deeper logical structure inherent to quantum mechanics, which is naturally described in the language of weak values, and which is accessible experimentally via weak measurements. Using as an illustration, a gedanken-experiment due to Hardy\cite{hardy}, we show that there is in fact an exact numerical coincidence between a) a pair of classically contradictory assertions about the locatio…
There exist limits of self-inspection due to self-referential paradoxes, incompleteness and fixed point theorems. As quantum mechanics dictates the exchange of discrete quanta, measurements and self-inspection of quantized systems are fundamentally limited.
The Frauchiger-Renner Paradox is an extension of paradoxes based on the 'Problem of Measurement,' such as Schrodinger's Cat and Wigner's Friend. All of these paradoxes stem from assuming that quantum theory has only unitary (linear) physical dynamics, and the attendant ambiguity about what counts as a 'measurement'--i.e., the inability to account for the observation of determinate measurement outcomes from within the theory itself. This paper discusses a basic inconsistency arising in the FR scenario at a much earlier point than the derived contradiction: namely, the inconsistency inherent in …
The basic question in the long-standing debate about free will (FW) is not whether FW can be demonstrated to exist nor even whether it exists, but instead how to define it scientifically. If FW is not dismissed as an illusion nor identified with a variety of unpredictability, then logical paradoxes arise that make FW elusive to define. We resolve these paradoxes through a model of FW, in which FW is a new causal primitive empowered to override physical causality under guidance. We develop a simple mathematical realization of this model, that when applied to quantum theory, suggests that the ex…
The construction of quantum mechanics from electromagnetism. Theory and hydrogen atom
本文基于电磁学重构量子力学，以哈密顿最小作用量原理为统一原则，构建带电单实体量子力学并系统描述氢原子，从而消除传统测量悖论并批评工具主义。
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