Comment on "Investigation of simplified thermal expansion models for compressible Newtonian fluids applied to nonisothernal plane Couette and Poiseuille flows" by S. Bechtel et al
Asterios Pantokratoras
备注：
Comment on S. Bechtel, M. Cai, F. Rooney and Q. Wang [Physics of Fluids, 2004, Vol. 16, pp. 3955-3974]
In the above paper by Bechtel, Cai, Rooney and Wang, Physics of Fluids, 2004, 16, 3955-3974 six different theories of a Newtonian viscous fluid are investigated and compared, namely, the theory of a compressible Newtonian fluid, and five constitutive limits of this theory: the incompressible theory, the limit where density changes only due to changes in temperature, the limit where density changes only with changes in entropy, the limit where pressure is a function only of temperature, and the limit of pressure a function only of entropy. The six theories are compared through their ability to model two test problems: (i) steady flow between moving parallel isothermal planes separated by a fixed distance with no pressure gradient in the flow direction (Couette flow), and (ii) steady flow between stationary isothermal parallel planes with a pressure gradient (Poiseuille flow). The authors found, among other, that the incompressible theory admits solutions to these problems of the plane Couette/Poiseuille flow form: a single nonzero velocity component in a direction parallel to the bounding planes, and velocity and temperature varying only in the direction perpendicular to the planes.
The normal-mode analysis of the Reynolds-Orr energy equation governing the stability of viscous motion for general three-dimensional disturbances has been revisited. The energy equation has been solved as an unconstrained minimization problem for the Couette-Poiseuille flow. The minimum Reynolds number for every Couette-Poiseuille velocity profile has been computed and compared with those available in the literature. For fully three-dimensional disturbances, it is shown that the minimum Reynolds number is in general smaller than the corresponding two-dimensional counterpart for all the Couette…
A continuum one-dimensional model of the plane Couette-Poiseuille flow is developed to describe the pressure distribution in a drag stage of molecular pump of either the Gaede or Holweck type. In spite of its simplicity and approximate nature the model provides a good qualitative representation of the drag pump operation in the whole range of the regimes from the continuum to free molecular ones.
We present a new experimental set-up that creates a shear flow with zero mean advection velocity achieved by counterbalancing the nonzero streamwise pressure gradient by moving boundaries, which generates plane Couette-Poiseuille flow. We carry out the first experimental results in the transitional regime for this flow. Using flow visualization we characterize the subcritical transition to turbulence in Couette-Poiseuille flow and show the existence of turbulent spots generated by a permanent perturbation. Due to the zero mean advection velocity of the base profile, these turbulent structures …
The stability of two-dimensional Poiseuille flow and plane Couette flow for concentrated suspensions is investigated. Linear stability analysis of the two-phase flow model for both flow geometries shows the existence of a convectively driven instability with increasing growth rates of the unstable modes as the particle volume fraction of the suspension increases. In addition it is shown that there exists a bound for the particle phase viscosity below which the two-phase flow model may become ill-posed as the particle phase approaches its maximum packing fraction. The case of two-dimensional Po…
The linear amplification mechanisms leading to streamwise-constant large-scale structures in laminar and turbulent channel flows are considered. A key feature of the analysis is that the Orr--Sommerfeld and Squire operators are each considered separately. Physically this corresponds to considering two separate processes: (i) the response of wall-normal velocity fluctuations to external forcing; and (ii) the response of streamwise velocity fluctuations to wall-normal velocity fluctuations. In this way we exploit the fact that, for streamwise-constant fluctuations, the dynamics governing the wal…
We show possibility of the Plane Couette (PC) flow instability for Reynolds number Re>Reth=140. This new result of the linear hydrodynamic stability theory is obtained on the base of refusal from the traditionally used assumption on longitudinal periodicity of the disturbances along the direction of the fluid flow. We found that earlier existing understanding on the linear stability of this flow for any arbitrary large Reynolds number is directly related with an assumption on the separation of the variables of the spatial variability for the disturbance field and their periodicity in linear th…
We explore the effect of forcing on the linear shear flow or plane Couette flow, which is also the background flow in the very small region of the Keplerian accretion disk. We show that depending on the strength of forcing and boundary conditions suitable for the systems under consideration, the background plane shear flow and, hence, accretion disk velocity profile modifies to parabolic flow, which is plane Poiseuille flow or Couette-Poiseuille flow, depending on the frame of reference. In the presence of rotation, plane Poiseuille flow becomes unstable at a smaller Reynolds number under pure…
The steady state of a dilute gas enclosed between two infinite parallel plates in relative motion and under the action of a uniform body force parallel to the plates is considered. The Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model kinetic equation is analytically solved for this Couette-Poiseuille flow to first order in the force and for arbitrary values of the Knudsen number associated with the shear rate. This allows us to investigate the influence of the external force on the non-Newtonian properties of the Couette flow. Moreover, the Couette-Poiseuille flow is analyzed when the shear-rate Knudsen number and…
We study the nonlinear stability of plane Couette and Poiseuille flows with the Lyapunov second method by using the classical L2-energy. We prove that the streamwise perturbations are L2-energy stable for any Reynolds number. This contradicts the results of Joseph [10], Joseph and Carmi [12] and Busse [4], and allows us to prove that the critical nonlinear Reynolds numbers are obtained along two-dimensional perturbations, the spanwise perturbations, as Orr [16] had supposed. This conclusion combined with recent results by Falsaperla et al. [8] on the stability with respect to tilted rolls, pro…
We present a detailed study of the linear stability of plane Couette-Poiseuille flow in the presence of a cross-flow. The base flow is characterised by the cross flow Reynolds number, $R_{inj}$ and the dimensionless wall velocity, $k$. Squire's transformation may be applied to the linear stability equations and we therefore consider 2D (spanwise-independent) perturbations. Corresponding to each dimensionless wall velocity, $k\in[0,1]$, two ranges of $R_{inj}$ exist where unconditional stability is observed. In the lower range of $R_{inj}$, for modest $k$ we have a stabilisation of long wavelen…
Here we report some interesting new features of the spatio-temporal instability of the incompressible plane Couette-Poiseuille flow (CPF). First of all, this flow represents the first instance of a "non-inflectional" absolute instability, within constant-viscosity formulation, which is triggered when one of the plates moves opposite to the bulk motion. More strikingly, with further increase in the negative plate motion, the absolute instability ($\textrm{AI}$) transitions to an "upstream" convective instability ($\textrm{CI}^-$), wherein an unstable wave packet moves opposite to the direction …
An investigation of the effect of a destabilizing cross-stream temperature gradient on the transient growth phenomenon of plane Poiseuille flow and plane Couette flow is presented. Only the streamwise-uniform and nearly streamwise-uniform disturbances are highly influenced by the Rayleigh number Ra and Prandtl number Pr. The maximum optimal transient growth G max of streamwise-uniform disturbances increases slowly with increasing Ra and decreasing Pr. For all Ra and Pr, at moderately large Reynolds numbersRe, the supremum of G max is always attained for streamwise-uniform perturbations (or nea…
Exact solutions are obtained for the steady flow of a power-law fluid between parallel plates with partial slip conditions and uniform cross flow. The problem is properly formulated and similarities are exploited. The exact solutions are obtained in terms of integrals which can be performed, in closed form, in special cases of the power-law index n. Solutions to cases of n=1/2, 1, and 2; representing a pseudo-plastic, a Newtonian, and a dilatant fluid, respectively, are presented. Tendencies to corresponding degenerate cases in the literature are demonstrated. Depending on the strength of the …
We report the results of an experimental investigation into the decay of turbulence in plane Couette-Poiseuille flow using 'quench' experiments where the flow laminarises after a sudden reduction in Reynolds number $Re$. Specifically, we study the velocity field in the streamwise-spanwise plane. We show that the spanwise velocity containing rolls, decays faster than the streamwise velocity, which displays elongated regions of higher or lower velocity called streaks. At final Reynolds numbers above 425, the decay of streaks displays two stages: first a slow decay when rolls are present and seco…
In this article we prove, choosing an appropriately weighted $L_2$-energy equivalent to the classical energy, that the plane Couette and Poiseuille flows are nonlinearly stable with respect to streamwise perturbations for any Reynolds number. In this case the coefficient of time-decay of the energy is $π^2/(2 {\rm Re})$, and it is a bound from above of the time-decay of streamwise perturbations of linearized equations. We also prove that the plane Couette and Poiseuille flows are nonlinearly stable if the Reynolds number is less then ${\rm Re}_{Orr}/\sin φ$ when the perturbation is a tilted pe…
The problem of two-dimensional steady nonlinear dynamics in plane Couette flow is revisited using homotopy from either plane Poiseuille flow or from plane Couette flow perturbed by a small symmetry-preserving identity operator. Our results show that it is not possible to obtain the nonlinear plane Couette flow solutions reported by Cherhabili and Ehrenstein [Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluids, 14, 667 (1995)] using their Poiseuille-Couette homotopy. We also demonstrate that the steady solutions obtained by Mehta and Healey [Phys. Fluids, 17, 4108 (2005)] for small symmetry-preserving perturbations are inf…
We study the homogeneous and the spatially periodic instabilities in a nematic liquid crystal layer subjected to steady plane {\em Couette} or {\em Poiseuille} flow. The initial director orientation is perpendicular to the flow plane. Weak anchoring at the confining plates and the influence of the external {\em electric} and/or {\em magnetic} field are taken into account. Approximate expressions for the critical shear rate are presented and compared with semi-analytical solutions in case of Couette flow and numerical solutions of the full set of nematodynamic equations for Poiseuille flow. In …
We study a large-scale instability in a sheared nonhelical turbulence that causes generation of large-scale vorticity. Three types of the background large-scale flows are considered, i.e., the Couette and Poiseuille flows in a small-scale homogeneous turbulence, and the "log-linear" velocity shear in an inhomogeneous turbulence. It is known that laminar plane Couette flow and antisymmetric mode of laminar plane Poiseuille flow are stable with respect to small perturbations for any Reynolds numbers. We demonstrate that in a small-scale turbulence under certain conditions the large-scale Couette…
We propose a framework to understand input-output amplification properties of non- linear partial differential equation (PDE) models of wall-bounded shear flows, which are spatially invariant in one coordinate (e.g., streamwise-constant plane Couette flow). Our methodology is based on the notion of dissipation inequalities in control theory. In particular, we consider flows with body and other forcings, for which we study the input- to-output properties, including energy growth, worst-case disturbance amplification, and stability to persistent disturbances. The proposed method can be applied t…
The energy gradient theory is used to study the instability of Taylor-Couette flow between concentric rotating cylinders. This theory has been proposed in our previous works. In our previous studies, the energy gradient theory was demonstrated to be applicable for wall-bounded parallel flows. It was found that the critical value of the energy gradient parameter Kmax at turbulent transition is about 370-389 for wall-bounded parallel flows (which include plane Poiseuille flow, pipe Poiseuille flow and plane Couette flow) below which no turbulence occurs. In this paper, the detailed derivation fo…
A turbulent-laminar banded pattern in plane Couette flow is studied numerically. This pattern is statistically steady, is oriented obliquely to the streamwise direction, and has a very large wavelength relative to the gap. The mean flow, averaged in time and in the homogeneous direction, is analysed. The flow in the quasi-laminar region is not the linear Couette profile, but results from a non-trivial balance between advection and diffusion. This force balance yields a first approximation to the relationship between the Reynolds number, angle, and wavelength of the pattern. Remarkably, the var…
Intelligent backpropagated neural networks application on Couette-Poiseuille flow of variable viscosity in a composite porous channel filled with an anisotropic porous layer
In the present note, we show that the uni-directional flows in a rectangular channel and in a circular pipe are exact spatio-temporal solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations over a short time interval. We assert that the classical plane Poiseuille-Couette flow and Hagen-Poiseuille flow are time-independent approximations of the exact solutions if an appropriate initial velocity distribution at starting location is specified. Conceptually, there do not exist absolute steady flows starting from unspecified initial data. The classic experimental measurements by Poiseuille can be explained in ter…
The transition to turbulence in plane Poiseuille flow (PPF) is connected with the presence of exact coherent structures. In contrast to other shear flows, PPF has a number of different coherent states that are relevant for the transition. We here discuss the different states, compare the critical Reynolds numbers and optimal wavelengths for their appearance, and explore the differences between flows operating at constant mass flux or at constant pressure drop. The Reynolds numbers quoted here are based on the mean flow velocity and refer to constant mass flux, the ones for constant pressure dr…
Plane Poiseuille flow shows turbulence at a Reynolds number that is lower than the critical one for the onset of Tollmien-Schlichting waves. The transition to turbulence follows the same route as the by-pass transition in boundary layers, i.e. finite amplitude perturbations are required and the flow is dominated by downstream vortices and streaks in the transitional regime. In order to relate the phenomenology in plane Poiseuille flow to our previous studies of plane Couette flow (Kreilos & Eckhardt, 2012), we study a symmetric subspace of plane Poiseuille flow in which the bifurcation cascade…
Recently, detailed experiments on visco-elastic channel flow have provided convincing evidence for a nonlinear instability scenario which we had argued for based on calculations for visco-elastic Couette flow. Motivated by these experiments we extend the previous calculations to the case of visco-elastic Poiseuille flow, using the Oldroyd-B constitutive model. Our results confirm that the subcritical instability scenario is similar for both types of flow, and that the nonlinear transition occurs for Weissenberg numbers somewhat larger than one. We provide detailed results for the convergence o…
Something as simple as Couette and Poiseuille onedimensional flow of a newtonian fluid between infinite parallel walls provides an illuminating example of the contrasting physics of laminar and turbulent flow: the difference between their mean velocity profiles has in one regime the opposite sign than in the other. This easily verifiable but yet unnoticed behaviour implies that the physical mechanisms of laminar and turbulent transport are even more fundamentally different than ordinarily presumed.
Turbulent-laminar banded patterns in plane Poiseuille flow are studied via direct numerical simulations in a tilted and translating computational domain using a parallel version of the pseudospectral code Channelflow. 3D visualizations via the streamwise vorticity of an instantaneous and a time-averaged pattern are presented, as well as 2D visualizations of the average velocity field and the turbulent kinetic energy. Simulations for Reynolds numbers descending from 2300 to 700 show the gradual development from uniform turbulence to a pattern with wavelength 20 half-gaps near Re=1900, to a patt…
The energy gradient method has been proposed with the aim of better understanding the mechanism of flow transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow. In this method, it is demonstrated that the transition to turbulence depends on the relative magnitudes of the transverse gradient of the total mechanical energy which amplifies the disturbance and the energy loss from viscous friction which damps the disturbance, for given imposed disturbance. For a given flow geometry and fluid properties, when the maximum of the function K (a function standing for the ratio of the gradient of total mechanica…
It is well known that the Poiseuille flow of a visco-elastic polymer fluid between plates or through a tube is linearly stable in the zero Reynolds number limit, although the stability is weak for large Weissenberg numbers. In this paper we argue that recent experimental and theoretical work on the instability of visco-elastic fluids in Taylor-Couette cells and numerical work on channel flows suggest a scenario in which Poiseuille flow of visco-elastic polymer fluids exhibits a nonlinear "subcritical" instability due to normal stress effects, with a threshold which decreases for increasing Wei…
The present thesis deals with the non-modal linear analysis of 3D perturbations in wall flows. In the first part,a solution to the Orr-Sommerfeld and Squire IVP, in the form of orthogonal functions expansion, is researched. The Galerkin method is successfully implemented to numerically compute approximate solutions for bounded flows. The Chandrasekhar functions revealed to ensure a fifth order of accuracy. The focus of the subsequent analysis is on the transient behavior of the perturbation frequency and phase velocity. The results confirm recent observations about a jump in the temporal evolu…
Flows in fluid layers are ubiquitous in industry, geophysics and astrophysics. Large-scale flows in thin layers can be considered two-dimensional (2d) with bottom friction added. Here we find that the properties of such flows depend dramatically on the way they are driven. We argue that wall-driven (Couette) flow cannot sustain turbulence at however small viscosity and friction. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) up to the Reynolds number $Re=10^6$ confirm that all perturbations die in a plane Couette flow. On the contrary, for sufficiently small viscosity and friction, we show that finite per…
Recent experimental studies have shown that particle transfer across streamlines can be controlled passively using stratified flows of co-flowing streams at a finite Reynolds number. The stratification modifies the forces acting on particles through the curvature of the undisturbed velocity profile. In this study, we numerically analyze the particle migration in stratified flow of two liquids of different viscosities flowing parallel to each other between two infinite parallel plates. Particle migration in two different flow fields is considered: (i) Couette flow and (ii) Poiseuille flow. A nu…
The direct numerical simulation of compressible fully developed turbulent Couette flow between two parallel plates with equal temperatures moving in opposite directions with some velocity was performed. The algorithm was tested on well known numerical solution for incompressible Poiseuille channel flow and found to provide its well description. The slip effects in studied flow are found to be negligibly small at the values of accommodation coefficients for velocity and temperature of the order of unity. The considerable increase of mean temperature with decreasing the accommodation coefficient…
The classical plane Couette flow, plane Poiseuille flow, and pipe Poiseuille flow share some universal 3D steady coherent structure in the form of "streak-roll-critical layer". As the Reynolds number approaches infinity, the steady coherent structure approaches a 3D limiting shear of the form ($U(y,z), 0, 0$) in velocity variables. All such 3D shears are steady states of the 3D Euler equations. This raises the importance of investigating the stability of such inviscid 3D shears in contrast to the classical Rayleigh theory of inviscid 2D shears. Several general criteria of stability for such in…
The three dimensional optimal energy growth mechanism, in plane parallel shear flows, is reexamined in terms of the role of vortex stretching and the interplay between the span-wise vorticity and the planar divergent components. For high Reynolds numbers the structure of the optimal perturbations in Couette, Poiseuille, and mixing layer shear profiles is robust and resembles localized plane-waves in regions where the background shear is large. The waves are tilted with the shear when the span-wise vorticity and the planar divergence fields are in (out of) phase when the background shear is pos…
We perform a linear stability analysis of viscoelastic plane Couette and plane Poiseuille flows with free-slip boundary conditions. The fluid is described by the Oldroyd-B constitutive model, and the flows are driven by a suitable body force. We find that both types of flow become linearly unstable, and we characterise the spatial structure of the unstable modes. By performing a boundary condition homotopy from the free-slip to no-slip boundaries, we demonstrate that the unstable modes are directly related to the least stable modes of the no-slip problem, destabilised under the free-slip situa…
In this essay, we recall the specificities of the transition to turbulence in wall-bounded flows and present recent achievements in the understanding of this problem. The transition is abrupt with laminar-turbulent coexistence over a finite range of Reynolds numbers, the transitional range. The archetypical cases of Poiseuille pipe flow and plane Couette flow are first reviewed at the phenomenological level, together with a few other flow configurations. Theoretical approaches are then examined with particular emphasis on the existence of special nontrivial solutions to the Navier-Stokes equat…
We present a detailed comparison of the rheological behaviour of sheared sediment beds in a pressure-driven, straight channel configuration based on data that was generated by means of fully coupled, grain-resolved direct numerical simulations and experimental measurements reviously published by Aussillous {\it et al.} (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 736, 2013, pp. 594-615). The highly-resolved simulation data allows to compute the stress balance of the suspension in the streamwise and vertical directions and the stress exchange between the fluid and particle phase, which is information needed to infer …
Deformable bodies in a 3-dimensional viscous flow: Vorticity-Stream vector formulation
Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSL（跨学科生物研究中心，法兰西学院，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家健康与医学研究院，巴黎文理研究大学）；Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona（巴塞罗那大学物理学院）；Instituto de Investigación Tecnológica (IIT) and Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos (GISC), Universidad Pontificia Comillas（技术研究所和复杂系统跨学科小组，科米利亚斯宗座大学）；Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB)（纳米科学与技术研究所）
We discuss the applicability of a unified hyperbolic model for continuum fluid and solid mechanics to modeling non-Newtonian flows and in particular to modeling the stress-driven solid-fluid transformations in flows of viscoplastic fluids, also called yield-stress fluids. In contrast to the conventional approaches relying on the non-linear viscosity concept of the Navier-Stokes theory and representation of the solid state as an infinitely rigid non-deformable solid, the solid state in our theory is deformable and the fluid state is considered rather as a "melted" solid via a certain procedure …
