相对论与以太论的关键区别
Relativity and Aether Theory, a Crucial Distinction
摘要：
我们研究两枚火箭在惯性坐标系S的一点O相遇的情况，它们按计划以恒定的速度，沿相反的方向，向两个离O点等距离的目标运动。在它们相遇的那一刻，火箭内部的时钟被设置为零。当它们到达目标时，火箭遇到两个读数相同的时钟A和B。本文对文献[1]中提出的这一问题进行了深入研究。假设存在一个优选的以太坐标系So，其中光的单向速度是各向同性的，而这种速度在其他坐标系中是各向异性的，我们证明，如果时钟A和B的读数相等是由于精确同步的结果，那么火箭内部的时钟在到达A和B时将显示不同的读数，这与相对性原理相矛盾。相反，如果显示相同读数的时钟A和B已经通过爱因斯坦-庞加莱程序同步，那么舱内时钟也将显示相同的读数，这一事实似乎与相对性原理一致。但是这种同步方法的前提是单向光速的不变性，这与所做的假设相矛盾，因此引入了测量误差。这表明，如果我们假设以太框架的存在，表观相对性原理就不是基本原理，它依赖于任意的同步。无论如何，这是一个实验测量的例子，可以用以太理论来解释，而不需要假设在所有惯性系中单向光速不变。
英文摘要：
We study the case of two rockets which meet at a point O of an inertial co-ordinate system S, and are scheduled to move at constant speed, in opposite directions, toward two targets placed at equal distances from point O. At the instant they meet, the clocks inside the rockets are set to zero. When they reach the targets the rockets meet two clocks A and B whose reading is identical. This question which was tackled in ref [1] is studied here in depth. Assuming the existence of a preferred aether frame So in which the one-way speed of light is isotropic, and the anisotropy of this speed in the other frames, we show that, if the equal reading of the clocks A and B results from an exact synchronization, the clocks inside the rockets will display different readings when they reach A and B in contradiction with the relativity principle. Conversely, if the clocks A and B, which display an equal reading, have been synchronized by means of the Einstein-Poincare procedure, the inboard clocks will also display the same reading, a fact which seems in agreement with the relativity principle. But this synchronization method presupposes the invariance of the one-way speed of light, in contradiction with the assumptions made, and, therefore, introduces a measurement error. This demonstrates that if we assume the existence of an aether frame, the apparent relativity principle is not a fundamental principle; it depends on an arbitrary synchronization. In any case, this is an example of an experimental measurement which can be explained by aether theory without the assumption of the invariance of the one-way speed of light in all inertial frames.
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