Scale interactions in Hall MHD are studied using both the mean field theory derivation of transport coefficients, and direct numerical simulations in three space dimensions. In the magnetically dominated regime, the eddy resistivity is found to be negative definite, leading to large scale instabilities. A direct cascade of the total energy is observed, although as the amplitude of the Hall effect is increased, backscatter of magnetic energy to large scales is found, a feature not present in MHD flows. The coupling between the magnetic and velocity fields is different than in the MHD case, and backscatter of energy from small scale magnetic fields to large scale flows is also observed. For the magnetic helicity, a strong quenching of its transfer is found. We also discuss non-helical magnetically forced Hall-MHD simulations where growth of a large scale magnetic field is observed.
In this paper we describe the mode-to-mode energy transfers and energy fluxes of MHD turbulence. These energy transfers are very useful for understanding the turbulence dynamics, as well as for applications such as dynamo. We illustrate how the energy fluxes provide valuable insights into the mechanism of growth of the large-scale magnetic energy in dynamo.
The turbulent amplification of cosmic magnetic fields depends upon the material properties of the host plasma. In many hot, dilute astrophysical systems, such as the intracluster medium (ICM) of galaxy clusters, the rarity of particle--particle collisions allows departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium. These departures exert anisotropic viscous stresses on the plasma motions that inhibit their ability to stretch magnetic-field lines. We present a numerical study of the fluctuation dynamo in a weakly collisional plasma using magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations endowed with a field-paral…
Astrophysical fluids are turbulent, magnetized and frequently partially ionized. As an example of astrophysical turbulence, the interstellar turbulence extends over a remarkably large range of spatial scales and participates in key astrophysical processes happening in different ranges of scales. A significant progress has been achieved in the understanding of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence since the turn of the century, and this enables us to better describe turbulence in magnetized and partially ionized plasmas. In fact, the modern revolutionized picture of the MHD turbulence physic…
We perform fully kinetic simulations of flows known to produce dynamo in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), considering scenarios with low Reynolds number and high magnetic Prandtl number, relevant for galaxy cluster scale fluctuation dynamos. We find that Landau damping on the electrons leads to a rapid decay of magnetic perturbations, impeding the dynamo. This collisionless damping process operates on spatial scales where electrons are nonmagnetized, reducing the range of scales where the magnetic field grows in high magnetic Prandtl number fluctuation dynamos. When electrons are not magnetized dow…
The paper considers dynamo generated by a shallow fluid layer in a celestial body (planet or star). This dynamo is based on the extra invariant for interacting magnetic Rossby waves. The magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is linearized on the background of strong toroidal magnetic field. The extra invariant is used to show that the background field is maintained.
An asymmetry in the number density of left- and right-handed fermions is known to give rise to a new term in the induction equation that can result in a dynamo instability. At high temperatures, when a chiral asymmetry can survive for long enough, this chiral dynamo instability can amplify magnetic fields efficiently, which in turn drive turbulence via the Lorentz force. While it has been demonstrated in numerical simulations that this chiral magnetically driven turbulence exists and strongly affects the dynamics of the magnetic field, the details of this process remain unclear. The goal of th…
We review the current status of research in MHD turbulence theory and numerical experiments and their applications to astrophysics and solar science. We introduce general tools for studying turbulence, basic turbulence models, MHD equations and their wave modes. Subsequently, we cover the theories and numerics of Alfvenic turbulence, imbalanced turbulence, small-scale dynamos and models and numerics for supersonic MHD turbulence.
In weakly collisional astrophysical plasmas, such as the intracluster medium of galaxy clusters, the amplification of cosmic magnetic fields by chaotic fluid motions is hampered by the adiabatic production of magnetic-field-aligned pressure anisotropy. This anisotropy drives a viscous stress parallel to the field that inhibits the plasma's ability to stretch magnetic-field lines. I demonstrate through the use of kinetic simulations that in high-$β$ plasmas, kinetic ion-Larmor scale instabilities sever the adiabatic link between the thermal and magnetic pressures, reducing this viscous stress a…
The existence of partially conserved enstrophy-like quantities is conjectured to cause inverse energy transfers to develop embedded in magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) turbulence, in analogy to the influence of enstrophy in two-dimensional nonconducting turbulence. By decomposing the velocity and magnetic fields in spectral space onto helical modes, we identify subsets of three-wave (triad) interactions conserving two new enstrophy-like quantities which can be mapped to triad interactions recently identified with facilitating large-scale $α$-type dynamo action and the inverse transfer of magnetic h…
Laminar and turbulent dynamos in chiral magnetohydrodynamics-I: Theory
具有相对论性粒子的等离子体的磁流体动力学（MHD）描述必然包括额外的新领域，与轴向电荷相关联的手性化学势（即，右手和左手相对论费米子之间的数量差异）。该手性化学势对等离子体的电流密度（\emph{chiral magnetic effect}）产生贡献。我们提出了一个自洽处理的\emph{chiral MHD equations}，其中包括反反应的磁场上的手征化学势和它的相互作用与等离子体速度场。一些新的现象被展出。首先，我们表明，手征磁效应的不可压缩流的Alfvén波的频率降低，可压缩流的Alfvén波和快磁声波的频率增加，并降低慢磁声波的频率。其次，我们表明，除了众所周知的层流手征发电机效应，这是不相关的流体运动，有一个发电机所造成的共同作用的速度剪切和手征磁效应。在湍流的平均动力学螺旋度消失的存在下，推导的平均场手征MHD方程描述了由手征α效应引起的湍流大尺度发电机，这对于大的流体和磁雷诺数是占主导地位的。手征α效应是由于手征磁效应和由缠结磁波动（其由剪切速度波动引起的大尺度磁场的缠结产生）产生的小尺度电流的波动的相互作用。这些发电机效应可能对早期宇宙、中子星和夸克-胶子等离子体的动力学产生有趣的影响。
The amplification and maintenance of the observed magnetic fields in the ICM are usually attributed to the turbulent dynamo action. This is generally derived employing a collisional MHD model. However, in the ICM the ion mean free path between collisions is of the order of the dynamical scales, thus requiring a collisionless MHD description. Unlike collisional MHD simulations, our study uses an anisotropic plasma pressure with respect to the direction of the local magnetic field, which brings the plasma within a parameter space where collisionless instabilities should take place. Within the ad…
These lecture notes are based on a tutorial given in 2017 at a plasma physics winter school in Les Houches. Their aim is to provide a self-contained graduate-student level introduction to the theory and modelling of the dynamo effect in turbulent fluids and plasmas, blended with a review of current research in the field. The primary focus is on the physical and mathematical concepts underlying different (turbulent) branches of dynamo theory, with some astrophysical, geophysical and experimental context disseminated throughout the document. The text begins with an introduction to the rationale,…
Results from a numerical study of fluctuation dynamo in a collisionless, weakly magnetized plasma are presented. The key difference between this dynamo and its magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) counterpart is the adiabatic production of magnetic-field-aligned pressure anisotropy by the amplification of a weak seed field. This in turn drives kinetic instabilities on the ion-Larmor scale---namely, firehose and mirror---which sever the adiabatic link between the thermal and magnetic pressures, thereby allowing the dynamo to proceed. After an initial phase of rapid growth driven by these instabilities, th…
Stretch-Twist-Fold and slow filamentary dynamos in liquid sodium Madison Dynamo Experiments
最近Ricca和Maggione [MHD（2008）]基于黎曼通量管的数值模拟提出了一个非常简单和有趣的扩散介质中拉伸-扭曲-折叠发电机模型。在本文中，我们提出了一个更简单的方法来解析地获得快速和缓慢的发电机，所产生的磁丝在扩散介质中的曲率能量。本文提出了剪切流中银河系或吸积盘发电机的几何模型。在快速发电机的情况下，它表明，拉伸的情况下，导致快速发电机的情况下，当扭曲的细丝消失的发电机行动不能支持以及。这就是平面流的Cowling-Zeldovich定理。使用磁场各向同性假设来计算发电机的快速性质。最近，对于无功发电机，使用非完整Frenet标架得到了类似的结果[Garcia de Andrade，AN（2008）]。这里讨论的拉伸-扭转-折叠（STF）简化模型可用于制定麦迪逊发电机实验（MDE）设施中的未来实验[Nornberg et al，Phys Plasmas（2008）]。虽然他们的运行实验处理的磁场是正交的流动，其他拓扑结构也被用于这里，在未来的实验眼睛。MDE中未拉伸的细丝显示Visik抗快速发电机作用适用[Garcia de Andrade[Phys Plasmas（2008）]。
Via amplification by turbulent dynamo, magnetic fields can be potentially important for the formation of the first stars. To examine the dynamo behavior during the gravitational collapse of primordial gas, we extend the theory of nonlinear turbulent dynamo to include the effect of gravitational compression. The relative importance between dynamo and compression varies during contraction, with the transition from dynamo- to compression-dominated amplification of magnetic fields with the increase of density. In the nonlinear stage of magnetic field amplification with the scale-by-scale energy eq…
The chiral magnetic effect (CME) is a quantum relativistic effect that describes the appearance of an additional electric current along a magnetic field. It is caused by an asymmetry between the number densities of left- and right-handed fermions, which can be maintained at high energies when the chirality flipping rate can be neglected, for example in the early Universe. The inclusion of the CME in the Maxwell equations leads to a modified set of MHD equations. We discuss how the CME is implemented in the PENCIL CODE. The CME plays a key role in the evolution of magnetic fields since it resul…
本文研究了霍尔效应如何改变电动势的猝灭过程。Mean Field Dynamo（MFD）理论我们写下电动势的演变方程对于大尺度和小尺度的磁螺旋度，将霍尔效应视为微扰，并在边界条件下对所得方程进行积分，使得总发散度为零。对于无力的大尺度磁场，霍尔效应通过耦合小尺度速度和磁场而起作用。对于所考虑的参数范围，总体效果是更强的e.m.f.淬火。比在标准MHD和磁螺旋度的逆级联阻尼。在以此处考虑的参数为特征的天体物理环境中，霍尔效应将使电动势提前猝灭并因此产生较弱的大尺度磁场。
For a three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) plasma the dynamo action with ABC flow as initial condition has been studied. The study delineates crucial parameter that gives a transition from coherent nonlinear oscillation to dynamo. Further, for both kinematic and dynamic models at magnetic Prandtl number equal to unity the dynamo action is studied for driven ABC flows. The magnetic resistivity has been chosen at a value where the fast dynamo occurs and the growth rate shows no further variation with the change of magnetic Reynold's number. The exponent of growth of magnetic energy increa…
We derive scaling relations based on free-fall and isotropy assumptions for the kinematic small-scale dynamo growth rate and amplification factor over the course of the mixing, saturation, and decay phases of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) in a fully-ionized plasma. The scaling relations are tested using sets of three dimensional, visco-resistive MHD simulations of the RTI and found to hold in the saturation phase, but exhibit discrepancies during the mixing and decays phases, suggesting a need to relax either the free-fall or isotropy assumptions. Application of the scaling relations a…
