自杀：短距离关系的关键作用
Suicide: the key role of short range ties
摘要：
本文探讨了短程社会关系（即与近亲的联系）与自杀发生之间的联系。其目的是区分基于社会关系的模型和基于心理创伤的模型。我们的方法论策略是集中于以某些社会关系的断绝为特征的实例。我们考虑几种这种情况。(i)囚犯入狱后的第一天。(ii)单独监禁的囚犯。(iii)从一个监狱转移到另一个监狱的囚犯。(iv)封闭式监狱和开放式监狱的囚犯。(v)在释放后的几周内。(vi)移民搬迁后的几年里。(vii)未婚对已婚。此外，为了检验重大冲击的影响，我们考虑了自杀者对以下冲击的反应。(i)2001年9月11日曼哈顿袭击事件。(ii)朝鲜战争(iii)两次世界大战。(iv)美国的大萧条。(v)1923年德国的恶性通货膨胀。一旦控制了环境条件的变化，9/11或战争等重大全球创伤性冲击对自杀率没有影响。总的来说，事实证明，观察结果在短期关系方面有一个自然的解释。相比之下，创伤模型似乎无法充分解释许多观察结果。
英文摘要：
The paper explores the connection between short-range social ties (i.e. links with close relatives) and the occurrence of suicide. The objective is to discriminate between a model based on social ties and a model based on psychological traumas. Our methodological strategy is to focus on instances characterized by the severance of some social ties. We consider several situations of this kind. (i) Prisoners in the first days after their incarceration. (ii) Prisoners in solitary confinement. (iii) Prisoners who are transferred from one prison to another. (iv) Prisoners in closed versus open prisons. (v) Prisoners in the weeks following their release. (vi) Immigrants in the years following their relocation. (vii) Unmarried versus married people. Furthermore, in order to test the impact of major shocks we consider the responses in terms of suicides to the following shocks. (i) The attack of September 11, 2001 in Manhattan. (ii) The Korean War. (iii) The two world wars. (iv) The Great Depression in the United States. (v) The hyperinflation episode of 1923 in Germany. Major global traumatic shocks such as 9/11 or wars have no influence on suicide rates once changing environment conditions have been controlled for. Overall, it turns out that the observations have a natural interpretation in terms of short-range ties. In contrast, the trauma model seems unable to adequately account for many observations.
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