B. G. Sidharth
It is argued that once we consider the underpinning of a Non Commutative geometry, itself symptomatic of extended particles, for example in Quantum Superstring theory, then a reconciliation between gravitation and electromagnetism is possible.
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A reconciliation of gravitation and electromagnetism has eluded physics for neearly a century. It is argued here that this is because both quantum physics and classical physics are set in differentiable space time manifolds with point particles. Once we consider extended particles as in Quantum Superstring theory, and the consequential underlying Non-Commutative geometry, then a reconciliation is possible.
We obtain Hamilton equations for the gravitational field and demonstrate the conservation of total energy. We derive the Poisson bracket equation for a general dynamical variable.
We show how, a non commutative underpinning for spacetime throws up mass, spin and charge and indicate how it is possible to include QCD effects also.
A new geometry, called General geometry, is constructed. It is proven that its the most simplest special case is geometry underlying Electromagnetism. Another special case is Riemannian geometry. Action for electromagnetic field and Maxwell equations are derived from curvature function of geometry underlying Electromagnetism. It is shown that equation of motion for a particle interacting with electromagnetic field coincides exactly with equation for geodesics of geometry underlying Electromagnetism. It is also shown that Electromagnetism can not be geometrized in the framework of Riemannian ge…
In the context of a Planck scale underpinning for the universe, we argue that both gravitation and electromagnetism can be characterized in a unified way, in a Sakharov like description. We also consider the issue of observed gamma radiation, which recent observations seem to indicate are caused by the annihilation of exotic $Mev$ particles, as indeed was theoretically predicted earlier. Some other problems are also considered.
It is argued that a noncommutative geometry of spacetime leads to a reconciliation of electromagnetism and gravitation while providing an underpinning to Weyl's geometry. It also leads to a cosmology consistent with observation. A few other ramifications are also examined.
The proposed temporal fluctuations model attempt for a unitary vision on gravity, electromagnetism and inertia. On obtain Newton law of gravitation and Coulomb law by starting from simple principles. On obtain too the main results of General Relativity Theory and Electromagnetism. One of the major points of present work is to obtain unified potential, which allow a unitary description of gravity and electromagnetism. As consequence, on obtain supplemental effects responsible for conservation laws violation in certain closed systems. On maintain the validity of conservation laws only if those s…
Maxwell's equations comprise both electromagnetic and gravitational fields. The transverse part of the vector potential belongs to magnetism, the longitudinal one is concerned with gravitation. The Coulomb gauge indicates that longitudinal components of the fields propagate instantaneously. The delta-function singularity of the field of the divergence of the vector potential, referred to as the dilatation center, represents an elementary agent of gravitation. Viewing a particle as a source or a scattering center of the point dilatation, the Newton's gravitation law can be reproduced.
The attempts to unify electromagnetism and gravitation have included the formulations of Herman Weyl and the Kaluza Klein theory with the fifth dimension. More recently there have been fruitful attempts in the domain of Quantum Superstrings and the author's formulation in terms of Quantum Mechanical Kerr-Newman Black Holes. Though all these appear to be widely divergent approaches, they are shown to have a unified underpinning in the context of quantized fractal space time.
We show that gravitational mass and inertial mass are correlated by an adimentional factor, which in specific electromagnetic conditions, can be reduced, nullified, negated, and increased. Some theoretical consequences of the mentioned correlation are: the generalization of Newton=92s second law for the motion (New law for Inertia); the deduction of the differential equation for entropy (second law of Thermodynamics); unification of gravitational and electromagnetic interactions .
It is argued that there is a connection between the fundamental forces of electromagnetism and gravitation. This connection occurs because of: 1) the fundamental significance of the finite and invariant velocity of light in inertial reference frames in the special theory, and 2) the reliance of the general theory of relativity upon the special theory of relativity locally in spacetime. The connection between the fundamental forces of electromagnetism and gravitation follows immediately from these two points. A brief review is provided of: 1) the role of the finite and invariant velocity of lig…
In the context of the fact that the existence of dark energy causing the accelerated expansion of the universe has been confirmed by the WMAP and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we re-examine gravitation itself, starting with the formulation of Sakharov and show that it is possible to obtain gravitation in terms of the electromagnetic charge of elementary particles, once the ZPF and its effects at the Compton scale are taken into account.
Gravitation and Electromagnetism
针对高能物理与宇宙学中因普朗克尺度描述导致的宇宙学常数过高问题，本文提出需考虑从量子泡沫到描述电磁学的康普顿尺度的相变以解决矛盾，并得出完全真空中无引力的推论。
Does a physical field exist independently of the interaction between the field source and the test body used to measure it at a given point? What does propagate between two physical bodies when they interact? These are the fundamental questions we answer in the present work for electromagnetic and gravitational interactions. We come to the conclusion that gravitational fields as well as spacetime curvature cannot depend on the passive-gravitational to inertial mass ratio of the test bodies, because this would lead to energy conservation and causality violation except when this ratio is univers…
The paper studies the inferences of wave equations for electromagnetic fields when there are gravitational fields at the same time. In the description with the algebra of octonions, the inferences of wave equations are identical with that in conventional electromagnetic theory with vector terminology. By means of the octonion exponential function, we can draw out that the electromagnetic waves are transverse waves in a vacuum, and rephrase the law of reflection, Snell's law, Fresnel formula, and total internal reflection etc. The study claims that the theoretical results of wave equations for …
Following the line of the history, if by one side the electromagnetic theory was consolidated on the 19th century, the emergence of the special and the general relativity theories on the 20th century opened possibilities of further developments, with the search for the unification of the gravitation and the electromagnetism on a single unified theory. Some attempts to the geometrization of the electromagnetism emerged in this context, where these first models resided strictly on a classical basis. Posteriorly, they were followed by more complete and embracing quantum field theories. The presen…
A theory which achieves a complete geometrical unification of gravitation and electromagnetism (GUGE) is presented. This new theory is based on a recent proposal of proper time redefinition that leads to the construction of a Riemann metric, which naturally unifies gravity and electromagnetism. The 5--dimensional Riemann metric which arises looks exactly the same as the one postulated in the Kaluza-Klein (KK) 5-dimensional theory. Nevertheless, there are deep differences between GUGE and KK. The GUGE metric is deduced while the KK metric is postulated. In the GUGE field theory there is no need…
In 1909 the brothers E. and F. Cosserat discovered a new nonlinear group theoretical approach to elasticity (EL), with the only experimental need to measure the EL constants. In a modern language, their idea has been to use the nonlinear Spencer sequence instead of the nonlinear Janet sequence for the Lie groupoid defining the group of rigid motions of space. Following H. Weyl, our purpose is to compute for the first time the nonlinear Spencer sequence for the Lie groupoid defining the conformal group of space-time in order to provide the physical foundations of both electromagnetism (EM) and …
After many fruitless decades of trying to unify electromagnetism and gravitation, it is now being realized that this can be done only in discrete spacetime, as indeed the author had demonstrated. In this context, a unified description of gravitation and electromagnetism is provided within the framework of a gauge like formulation. Following the discrete spacetime structure, we then argue that the underpinning for the universe is an array of Planck scale oscillators.
We find relations between quantities defining geometry and quantities defining the length of a curve in geometries underlying Electromagnetism and unified model of Electromagnetism and Gravitation. We show that the length of a vector changes along a curve in these geometries.
A principle on the macroscopic motion of systems in thermodynamic equilibrium, rarely discussed in texts, is reviewed: Very small but still macroscopic parts of a fully isolated system in thermal equilibrium move as if points of a rigid body, macroscopic energy being dissipated to increase internal energy, and increase entropy along. It appears particularly important in Space physics, when dissipation involves long-range fields at Electromagnetism and Gravitation, rather than short-range contact forces. It is shown how new physics, Special Relativity as regards Electromagnetism, first Newtonia…
We give arguments from the point of view of Gravitation as well as Electromagnetism which indicate a Machian view for the universe.
Geometric interactions in a new relativistic geometric unified theory include interactions other than gravitation and electromagnetism. In a low energy limit one of these interactions leads essentially to a Fermi type theory of weak interactions including the Hamiltonian and coupling constant.
A comparison is given between the Newtonian and Einsteinian frames of gravitation. From this it is shown that there exist a weak connection to gravitation and electromagnetism. This connection is then studied more thoroughly with the Weyl tensor and with the electromagnetic vacuum Λ. Which dictates General Relativity should be reformulated to confer to a `Einstein-Cartan-Weyl' geometry. Where it is seen that the Gravitational Constant is the inverse of the Compton wavelength shown through a Weyl gauge potential of form [F_{αβ}+A_{aβ}^α]_{;β}. The gauge potential along with Einstein-Cartan geom…
Evans developed a classical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism on the background of a spacetime obeying a Riemann-Cartan geometry. This geometry can be characterized by an orthonormal coframe theta and a (metric compatible) Lorentz connection Gamma. These two potentials yield the field strengths torsion T and curvature R. Evans tried to infuse electromagnetic properties into this geometrical framework by putting the coframe theta to be proportional to four extended electromagnetic potentials A; these are assumed to encompass the conventional Maxwellian potential in a suit…
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