Basic Bicategories

Internal bicategories in groups

A detailed description of internal bicategory in the category of groups is derived from the general description of internal bicategories in weakly Mal'tsev sesquicategories. The example of bicategory of paths in a topological abelian group is presented, as well as a description of internal bicategories in weakly Mal'tsev categories with a $V$-Mal'tsev operation in the sense of Pedicchio.

Lifting bicategories through the Grothendieck construction

We treat the problem of lifting bicategories into double categories through categories of vertical morphisms. We make use of a specific instance of the Grothendieck construction to provide, for every bicategory equipped with a possible vertical category, together with a suitable monoidal pre-cosheaf relating these two structures, a double category lifting the decorated bicategory along the category of vertical morphisms provided as set of initial conditions. We prove in particular that every decorated bicategory admits a lift to a double category. We study relations of instances of our constru…

Some insights on bicategories of fractions - III

We fix any bicategory $\mathscr{A}$ together with a class of morphisms $\mathbf{W}_{\mathscr{A}}$, such that there is a bicategory of fractions $\mathscr{A}[\mathbf{W}_{\mathscr{A}}^{-1}]$. Given another such pair $(\mathscr{B},\mathbf{W}_{\mathscr{B}})$ and any pseudofunctor $\mathcal{F}:\mathscr{A}\rightarrow\mathscr{B}$, we find necessary and sufficient conditions in order to have an induced equivalence of bicategories from $\mathscr{A}[\mathbf{W}_{\mathscr{A}}^{-1}]$ to $\mathscr{B}[\mathbf{W}_{\mathscr{B}}^{-1}]$. In particular, this gives necessary and sufficient conditions in order to h…

构造线性双范畴

Constructing linear bicategories

本文研究了线性双范畴的构造与性质，通过量词和量词oids定义了LD-量词及线性量词oids，并展示了多种标准构造在该框架下的应用，从而产生新的线性双范畴例子。

Universal properties of bicategories of polynomials

We establish the universal properties of the bicategory of polynomials, considering both cartesian and general morphisms between these polynomials. A direct proof of these universal properties would be impractical due to the complicated coherence conditions arising from polynomial composition; however, in this paper we avoid most of these coherence conditions using the properties of generic bicategories. In addition, we give a new proof of the universal properties of the bicategory of spans, and also establish the universal properties of the bicategory of spans with invertible 2-cells; showing…

Relative pseudomonads, Kleisli bicategories, and substitution monoidal structures

We introduce the notion of a relative pseudomonad, which generalises the notion of a pseudomonad, and define the Kleisli bicategory associated to a relative pseudomonad. We then present an efficient method to define pseudomonas on the Kleisli bicategory of a relative pseudomonad. The results are applied to define several pseudomonads on the bicategory of profunctors in an homogeneous way, thus providing a uniform approach to the definition of bicategories that are of interest in operad theory, mathematical logic, and theoretical computer science.

Generic bicategories

It is well known that to give an oplax functor of bicategories $\mathbf{1}\to\mathscr{C}$ is to give a comonad in $\mathscr{C}$. Here we generalize this fact, replacing the terminal bicategory by any bicategory $\mathscr{A}$ for which the composition functor admits generic factorisations. We call bicategories with this property generic, and show that for generic bicategories $\mathscr{A}$ one may express the data of an oplax functor $\mathscr{A}\to\mathscr{C}$ much like the data of a comonad; the main advantage of this description being that it does not directly involve composition in $\mathsc…

Bicategories of fractions revisited: towards small homs and canonical 2-cells

This paper adresses two issues in dealing with bicategories of fractions. The first is to introduce a set of conditions on a class of arrows in a bicategory which is weaker than the one given in Pronk, Etendues and stacks as bicategories of fractions, but still allows a bicalculus of fractions. These conditions allow us to invert a smaller collection of arrows so that in some cases we may obtain a bicategory of fractions with small hom-categories. We adapt the construction of the bicategory of fractions to work with the weaker conditions. The second issue is the difficulty in dealing with 2-ce…

Wide Morita contexts in Bicategories

We give a formal concept of (right) wide Morita context between two 0-cells in arbitrary bicategory. We then construct a new bicategory with the same 0-cells as the oldest one, and with 1-cells all these (right) wide Morita contexts. An application to the (right) Eilenberg-Moore bicategory of comonads associated to the bimodules bicategory is also given.

2-nerves for bicategories

We describe a Cat-valued nerve of bicategories, which associates to every bicategory a simplicial object in Cat, called the 2-nerve. We define a 2-category NHom whose objects are bicategories and whose 1-cells are normal homomorphisms of bicategories, in such a way that the 2-nerve construction becomes a full embedding of NHom in the 2-category of simplicial objects in Cat. This embedding has a left biadjoint, and we characterize its image. The 2-nerve of a bicategory is always a weak 2-category in the sense of Tamsamani, and we show that NHom is biequivalent to a certain 2-category whose obje…

相对伪单子的代数的双范畴

Bicategories of algebras for relative pseudomonads

本文引入相对伪单子的伪代数，构造自由—遗忘相对伪伴随，证明一致性定理，并将伪单子理论推广至相对情形，应用于余极限类与单子的对应。

Bicategories in Univalent Foundations

We develop bicategory theory in univalent foundations. Guided by the notion of univalence for (1-)categories studied by Ahrens, Kapulkin, and Shulman, we define and study univalent bicategories. To construct examples of univalent bicategories in a modular fashion, we develop displayed bicategories, an analog of displayed 1-categories introduced by Ahrens and Lumsdaine. We demonstrate the applicability of this notion, and prove that several bicategories of interest are univalent. Among these are the bicategory of univalent categories with families and the bicategory of pseudofunctors between un…

自动机的双范畴、双范畴中的自动机

Bicategories of Automata, Automata in Bicategories

本研究关联了不同学者提出的自动机双范畴，证明Guitart式Mealy机等同于fugal自动机且二者间存在双伴随，还在双范畴内定义Mealy与Moore机范畴，将可达性泛性质解释为Kan扩张并提出交织子新概念。

Infinite loop spaces, and coherence for symmetric monoidal bicategories

This paper proves three different coherence theorems for symmetric monoidal bicategories. First, we show that in a free symmetric monoidal bicategory every diagram of 2-cells commutes. Second, we show that this implies that the free symmetric monoidal bicategory on one object is equivalent, as a symmetric monoidal bicategory, to the discrete symmetric monoidal bicategory given by the disjoint union of the symmetric groups. Third, we show that every symmetric monoidal bicategory is equivalent to a strict one. We give two topological applications of these coherence results. First, we show that t…

同模伪函子与模bicategory

Homodular pseudofunctors and bicategories of modules

本文研究了通过𝒩-Cat构造𝒩-Mod的普遍性质，并提出了同调函子的客观版本。

Model bicategories and their homotopy bicategories

We give the definitions of model bicategory and $q$-homotopy, which are natural generalizations of the notions of model category and homotopy to the context of bicategories. For any model bicategory $\mathcal{C}$, denote by $\mathcal{C}_{fc}$ the full sub-bicategory of the fibrant-cofibrant objects. We prove that the 2-dimensional localization of $\mathcal{C}$ at the weak equivalences can be computed as a bicategory $\mathcal{H}o(\mathcal{C})$ whose objects and arrows are those of $\mathcal{C}_{fc}$ and whose 2-cells are classes of $q$-homotopies up to an equivalence relation. When considered …

Some insights on bicategories of fractions - II

We fix any bicategory $\mathscr{A}$ together with a class of morphisms $\mathbf{W}_{\mathscr{A}}$, such that there is a bicategory of fractions $\mathscr{A}[\mathbf{W}_{\mathscr{A}}^{-1}]$. Given another such pair $(\mathscr{B},\mathbf{W}_{\mathscr{B}})$ and any pseudofunctor $\mathcal{F}:\mathscr{A}\rightarrow\mathscr{B}$, we find necessary and sufficient conditions in order to have an induced pseudofunctor $\mathcal{G}:\mathscr{A}[\mathbf{W}_{\mathscr{A}}^{-1}]\rightarrow \mathscr{B}[\mathbf{W}_{\mathscr{B}}^{-1}]$. Moreover, we give a simple description of $\mathcal{G}$ in the case when the…

Some insights on bicategories of fractions: representations and compositions of 2-morphisms

In this paper we investigate the construction of bicategories of fractions originally described by D. Pronk: given any bicategory $\mathcal{C}$ together with a suitable class of morphisms $\mathbf{W}$, one can construct a bicategory $\mathcal{C}[\mathbf{W}^{-1}]$, where all the morphisms of $\mathbf{W}$ are turned into internal equivalences, and that is universal with respect to this property. Most of the descriptions leading to this construction were long and heavily based on the axiom of choice. In this paper we considerably simplify the description of the equivalence relation on $2$-morphis…

Cartesian bicategories with choice

Relational structures are emerging as ubiquitous mathematical machinery in the semantics of open systems of various kinds. Cartesian bicategories are a well-known categorical algebra of relations that has proved especially useful in recent applications. The passage between a category and its bicategory of relations is an important question that has been widely studied for decades. We study an alternative construction that yields a cartesian bicategory of relations. Its behaviour is closely related to the axiom of choice, which itself can be expressed in the language of cartesian bicategories.

Weak units, universal cells, and coherence via universality for bicategories

Poly-bicategories generalise planar polycategories in the same way as bicategories generalise monoidal categories. In a poly-bicategory, the existence of enough 2-cells satisfying certain universal properties (representability) induces coherent algebraic structure on the 2-graph of single-input, single-output 2-cells. A special case of this theory was used by Hermida to produce a proof of strictification for bicategories. No full strictification is possible for higher-dimensional categories, seemingly due to problems with 2-cells that have degenerate boundaries; it was conjectured by C. Simpso…

单子双范畴的对称移位

Symmetry shifting for monoidal bicategories

本文研究了单子双范畴中辫子结构对单子结构的影响，扩展了Joyal和Street的经典定理，并利用无穷操作的加法定理简化了证明过程。

Nerves and classifying spaces for bicategories

This paper explores the relationship amongst the various simplicial and pseudo-simplicial objects characteristically associated to any bicategory C. It proves the fact that the geometric realizations of all of these possible candidate `nerves of C' are homotopy equivalent. Any one of these realizations could therefore be taken as the classifying space BC of the bicategory. Its other major result proves a direct extension of Thomason's `Homotopy Colimit Theorem' to bicategories: When the homotopy colimit construction is carried out on a diagram of spaces obtained by applying the classifying spa…

Morita Bicategories of Algebras and Duality Involutions

The notion of a weak duality involution on a bicategory was recently introduced by Shulman in [arXiv:1606.05058]. We construct a weak duality involution on the fully dualisable part of $\text{Alg}$, the Morita bicategory of finite-dimensional k-algebras. The 2-category $\text{KV}$ of Kapranov-Voevodsky k-vector spaces may be equipped with a canonical strict duality involution. We show that the pseudofunctor $\text{Rep}: \text{Alg}^{fd} \to \text{KV}$ sending an algebra to its category of finite-dimensional modules may be canonically equipped with the structure of a duality pseudofunctor. Thus …

Polynomials as spans

The paper defines polynomials in a bicategory $\mathscr{M}$. Polynomials in bicategories $\mathrm{Spn}\mathscr{C} \ $ of spans in a finitely complete category $\mathscr{C} \ $ agree with polynomials in $\mathscr{C} \ $ as defined by Nicola Gambino and Joachim Kock, and by Mark Weber. When $\mathscr{M}$ is \textit{calibrated}, we obtain another bicategory $\mathrm{Poly}\mathscr{M}$. We see that polynomials in $\mathscr{M}$ have representations as pseudofunctors $\mathscr{M}^{\mathrm{op}}\to \mathrm{Cat}$. Calibrations are produced for the bicategory of relations in a regular category and for th…

Double Bicategories and Double Cospans

Interest in weak cubical n-categories arises in various contexts, in particular in topological field theories. In this paper, we describe a concept of double bicategory, namely a strict model of the theory of bicategories in Bicat. We show that in a special case one can reduce this to what we call a Verity double bicategory, after Domenic Verity. This is a weakened version of a double category, in the sense that composition in both horizontal and vertical directions satisfy associativity and unit laws only up to (coherent) isomorphisms. We prove that there are examples in the form of double bi…

2-笛卡尔纤维化 II：∞-双范畴的格罗滕迪克构造

2-Cartesian fibrations II: A Grothendieck construction for $\infty$-bicategories

本文通过构造Lurie拉直-反拉直伴随的2-范畴版本，建立了缩放单纯集上2-笛卡尔纤维化与取值于∞-双范畴的反变函子之间的等价，并借助相对神经构造与已有双范畴格罗滕迪克构造进行比较。

幺半Kleisli双范畴与着色对称序列的算术积

Monoidal Kleisli Bicategories and the Arithmetic Product of Coloured Symmetric Sequences

将算术积推广至着色对称序列，证明其构成正规oplax幺半结构，利用幺半双范畴高效验证相干条件。

A localization of bicategories via homotopies

Given a bicategory C and a family W of arrows of C, we give conditions on the pair (C,W) that allow us to construct the bicategorical localization with respect to W by dealing only with the 2-cells, that is without adding objects or arrows to C. We show that in this case, the 2-cells of the localization can be given by the homotopies with respect to W, a notion defined in this article which is closely related to Quillen's notion of homotopy for model categories but depends only on a single family of arrows. This localization result has a natural application to the construction of the homotopy …

Bicategories of operator algebras and Poisson manifolds

It is well known that rings are the objects of a bicategory, whose arrows are bimodules, composed through the bimodule tensor product. We give an analogous bicategorical description of C*-algebras, von Neumann algebras, Lie groupoids, symplectic groupoids, and Poisson manifolds. The upshot is that known definitions of Morita equivalence for any of these cases amount to isomorphism of objects in the pertinent bicategory.

Bicategorical fibration structures and stacks

The familiar construction of categories of fractions, due to Gabriel and Zisman, allows one to invert a class W of arrows in a category in a universal way. Similarly, bicategories of fractions allow one to invert a collection of arrows in a bicategory. In this case the arrows are inverted in the sense that they are made into equivalences. As with categories of fractions, bicategories of fractions suffer from the defect that they need not be locally small even when the bicategory in which W lives is locally small. Similarly, in the case where W is a class of arrows in a 2-category, the bicatego…

Spectra associated to symmetric monoidal bicategories

We show how to construct a Gamma-bicategory from a symmetric monoidal bicategory, and use that to show that the classifying space is an infinite loop space upon group completion. We also show a way to relate this construction to the classic Gamma-category construction for a bipermutative category. As an example, we use this machinery to construct a delooping of the K-theory of a bimonoidal category as defined by Baas-Dundas-Rognes.

A 2-categories companion

This paper is a rather informal guide to some of the basic theory of 2-categories and bicategories, including notions of limit and colimit, 2-dimensional universal algebra, formal category theory, and nerves of bicategories. As is the way of these things, the choice of topics is somewhat personal. No attempt is made at either rigour or completeness. Nor is it completely introductory: you will not find a definition of bicategory; but then nor will you really need one to read it. In keeping with the philosophy of category theory, the morphisms between bicategories play more of a role than the bi…

在阿贝尔框架双范畴中的同调代数：精确序列与嵌入定理

Homological Algebra in Abelian Framed Bicategories: Exact Sequences and Embedding Theorems

本文提出阿贝尔框架双范畴，用于开发有向结构的同调与上同调理论，并证明了与经典定理类似的嵌入定理，拓展了有向同调的应用范围。

索引对称幺半范畴的相干性

Coherence for indexed symmetric monoidal categories

本文针对索引对称幺半范畴这一双范畴细化结构，拓展现有相干定理，证明由其定义的双范畴上一大类运算具有典范同构，并引入判定同构存在性的严格图形演算。

The simplicial interpretation of bigroupoid 2-torsors

Actions of bicategories arise as categorification of actions of categories. They appear in a variety of different contexts in mathematics, from Moerdijk's classification of regular Lie groupoids in foliation theory, to Waldmann's work on deformation quantization. For any such action we introduce an action bicategory, together with a canonical projection (strict) 2-functor to the bicategory which acts. When the bicategory is a bigroupoid, we can impose the additional condition that action is principal in bicategorical sense, giving rise to a bigroupoid 2-torsor. In that case, the Duskin nerve o…

Cartesian closed bicategories: type theory and coherence

In this thesis I lift the Curry--Howard--Lambek correspondence between the simply-typed lambda calculus and cartesian closed categories to the bicategorical setting, then use the resulting type theory to prove a coherence result for cartesian closed bicategories. Cartesian closed bicategories---2-categories `up to isomorphism' equipped with similarly weak products and exponentials---arise in logic, categorical algebra, and game semantics. I show that there is at most one 2-cell between any parallel pair of 1-cells in the free cartesian closed bicategory on a set and hence---in terms of the dif…

双范畴之间纤维化的极限提升定理

A limit lifting theorem for fibrations between bicategories

本文将范畴论中格罗滕迪克纤维化的极限提升标准定理推广到双范畴之间的纤维化情形，给出并证明了相应的广义结果，为双范畴层面的极限计算提供工具。

基本代数的quiver connections与bimodules

Quiver connections and bimodules of basic algebras

本文为分类非半单有限维结合代数的量子对称性，定义了有界quiver间的connection并构建双范畴，证明其等价于basic algebras、bimodules与intertwiners的双范畴。

Basic Hopf algebras and symmetric bimodules

Motivated by the so-called H-cell reduction theorems, we investigate certain classes of bicategories which have only one H-cell apart from possibly the identity. We show that H_0-simple quasi fiab bicategories with unique H-cell H_0 are fusion categories. We further study two classes of non-semisimple quasi-fiab bicategories with a single H-cell apart from the identity. The first is $\cH_A$, indexed by a finite-dimensional radically graded basic Hopf algebra A, and the second is $\cG_A$, consisting of symmetric projective A-A-bimodules. We show that $\cH_A$ can be viewed as a 1-full subbicateg…

Contravariance through enrichment

We define strict and weak duality involutions on 2-categories, and prove a coherence theorem that every bicategory with a weak duality involution is biequivalent to a 2-category with a strict duality involution. For this purpose we introduce "2-categories with contravariance", a sort of enhanced 2-category with a basic notion of "contravariant morphism", which can be regarded either as generalized multicategories or as enriched categories. This enables a universal characterization of duality involutions using absolute weighted colimits, leading to a conceptual proof of the coherence theorem.