For analytic nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations, under some non-degeneracy and integrability conditions we prove that the formal exponential series solutions (trans-series) at an irregular singularity of rank one are Borel summable (in a sense similar to that of Ecalle). The functions obtained by re-summation of the trans-series are precisely the solutions of the differential equation that decay in a specified sector in the complex plane. We find the dependence of the correspondence between the solutions of the differential equation and trans-series as the ray in the complex plane changes (local Stokes phenomenon). We study, in addition, the general solution in $\lloc$ of the convolution equations corresponding, by inverse Laplace transform, to the given system of ODE's, and its analytic properties. Simple analytic identities lead to ``resurgence'' relations and to an averaging formula having, in addition to the properties of the medianization of Ecalle, the property of preserving exponential growth at infinity.
Transseries in the sense of Écalle are constructed using a topological approach. A general contractive mapping principle is formulated and proved, showing the closure of transseries under a wide class of operations. In the second part we give an overview of results and methods reconstruction of actual functions and solutions of equations from transseries by generalized Borel summation with in ordinary and partial differential and difference equations.
In this paper we study analytic (linear or) nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations, at an irregular singularity of rank one, under nonresonance conditions. It is shown that the formal asymptotic exponential series solutions (transseries solutions: countable linear combinations of formal power series multiplied by small exponentials) are Borel summable in a generalized sense along any direction in which the exponentials decay. Conversely, any solution that decreases along some direction is the Borel sum of a transseries. The summation procedure introduced is an extension of Borel …
In a wide range of quantum theoretical settings -- from quantum mechanics to quantum field theory, from gauge theory to string theory -- singularities in the complex Borel plane, usually associated to instantons or renormalons, render perturbation theory ill-defined as they give rise to nonperturbative ambiguities. These ambiguities are associated to choices of an integration contour in the resummation of perturbation theory, along (singular) Stokes directions in the complex Borel plane (rendering perturbative expansions non-Borel summable along any Stokes line). More recently, it has been sho…
Borel summation techniques are developed to obtain exact invariants from formal adiabatic invariants (given as divergent series in a small parameter) for a class of differential equations, under assumptions of analyticity of the coefficients; the method relies on the study of associated partial differential equations in the complex plane. The type and location of the singularities of these associated functions, important in determining exponentially small corrections to formal invariants are also briefly discussed.
After introducing q-analogues of the Borel and Laplace transformations, we prove that to every formal power series solution of a linear q-difference equation with rational coefficients, we may apply several q-Borel and Laplace transformations of convenient orders and convenient direction in order to construct a solution of the same equation that is meromorphic on $\mathbb{C}^{*}$. We use this theorem to construct explicitly an invertible matrix solution of a linear q-difference system with rational coefficients, of which entries are meromorphic on $\mathbb{C}^{*}$. Moreover, when the system is…
We consider a class of second order ordinary differential equations describing one-dimensional systems with a quasi-periodic analytic forcing term and in the presence of damping. As a physical application one can think of a resistor-inductor-varactor circuit with a periodic (or quasi-periodic) forcing function, even if the range of applicability of the theory is much wider. In the limit of large damping we look for quasi-periodic solutions which have the same frequency vector of the forcing term, and we study their analyticity properties in the inverse of the damping coefficient. We find that …
The Euler-MacLaurin summation formula relates a sum of a function to a corresponding integral, with a remainder term. The remainder term has an asymptotic expansion, and for a typical analytic function, it is a divergent (Gevrey-1) series. Under some decay assumptions of the function in a half-plane (resp. in the vertical strip containing the summation interval), Hardy (resp. Abel-Plana) prove that the asymptotic expansion is a Borel summable series, and give an exact Euler-MacLaurin summation formula. Using a mild resurgence hypothesis for the function to be summed, we give a Borel summable t…
We extend the technique of asymptotic series matching to exponential asymptotics expansions (transseries) and show that the extension provides a method of finding singularities of solutions of nonlinear differential equations, using asymptotic information. This transasymptotic matching method is applied to Painlevé's first equation. The solutions of P1 that are bounded in some direction towards infinity can be expressed as series of functions, obtained by generalized Borel summation of formal transseries solutions; the series converge in a neighborhood of infinity. We prove (under certain rest…
Integro-differential methods, currently exploited in calculus, provide an inexhaustible source of tools to be applied to a wide class of problems, involving the theory of special functions and other subjects. The use of integral transforms of the Borel type and the associated formalism is shown to be a very effective mean, constituting a solid bridge between umbral and operational methods. We merge these different points of view to obtain new and efficient analytical techniques for the derivation of integrals of special functions and the summation of associated generating functions as well.
The paper addresses generalized Borel summability of ``$1^+$'' difference equations in ``critical time''. We show that the Borel transform $Y$ of a prototypical such equation is analytic and exponentially bounded for $\Re(p)<1$ but there is no analytic continuation from 0 toward $+\infty$: the vertical line $\ell:=\{p:\Re(p)=1\}$ is a singularity barrier of $Y$. There is a unique natural continuation through the barrier, based on the Borel equation dual to the difference equation, and the functions thus obtained are analytic and decaying on the other side of the barrier. In this sense, the Bor…
This paper is divided in two parts. In the first part we consider irregular singular analytic q-difference equations, with q\in ]0,1[, and we show how the Borel sum of a divergent solution of a differential equation can be uniformly approximated on a convenient sector by a meromorphic solution of such a q-difference equation. In the second part, we work under the assumption q\in ]1,+\infty[. In this case, at least four different q-Borel sums of a divergent solution of an irregular singular analytic q-difference equations are spread in the literature: under convenient assumptions we clarify the…
In this paper, we consider a q-analogue of the Borel-Laplace summation where q>1 is a real parameter. In particular, we show that the Borel-Laplace summation of a divergent power series solution of a linear differential equation can be uniformly approximated on a convenient sector, by a meromorphic solution of a corresponding family of linear q-difference equations. We perform the computations for the basic hypergeometric series. Following J. Sauloy, we prove how a fundamental set of solutions of a linear differential equation can be uniformly approximated on a convenient domain by a fundament…
We prove that for divergent series solutions of nonlinear (or linear) differential systems near a generic irregular singularity, the common prescription of summation to the least term is, if properly interpreted, meaningful and correct, and we extend this method to transseries solutions. In every direction in the complex plane at the singularity (Stokes directions {\em not} excepted) there exists a nonempty set of solutions whose difference from the ``optimally'' (i.e., near the least term) truncated asymptotic series is of the same (exponentially small) order of magnitude as the least term of…
In the sixth chapter of his notebooks Ramanujan introduced a method of summing divergent series which assigns to the series the value of the associated Euler-MacLaurin constant that arises by applying the Euler-MacLaurin summation formula to the partial sums of the series. This method is now called the Ramanujan summation process. In this paper we calculate the Ramanujan sum of the exponential generating functions $\sum_{n\geq 1}\log n e^{nz}$ and $\sum_{n\geq 1}H_n^{(j)} e^{-nz}$ where $H_n^{(j)}=\sum_{m=1}^n \frac{1}{m^j}$. We find a surprising relation between the two sums when $j=1$ from w…
Exactification is the process of obtaining exact values of a function from its complete asymptotic expansion. Here Stirling's approximation for the logarithm of the gamma function or $\ln Γ(z)$ is derived completely whereby it is composed of the standard leading terms and an asymptotic series that is generally truncated. Nevertheless, to obtain values of $\ln Γ(z)$, the remainder must undergo regularization. Two regularization techniques are then applied: Borel summation and Mellin-Barnes (MB) regularization. The Borel-summed remainder possesses an infinite convergent sum of exponential integr…
In a companion paper, Grimshaw (Asymptotic Methods in Fluid Mechanics, 2010, pp. 71-120) has demonstrated how techniques of Borel summation can be used to elucidate the exponentially small terms that lie hidden beyond all orders of a divergent asymptotic expansion. Here, we provide an alternative derivation of the generalized solitary waves of the fifth-order Korteweg-de Vries equation. We will first optimally truncate the asymptotic series, and then smooth the Stokes line. Our method provides an explicit view of the switching-on mechanism, and thus increased understanding of the Stokes Phenom…
