We consider wreath product decompositions for semigroups of triangular matrices. We exhibit an explicit wreath product decomposition for the semigroup of all n-by-n upper triangular matrices over a given field k, in terms of aperiodic semigroups and affine groups over k. In the case that k is finite this decomposition is optimal, in the sense that the number of group terms is equal to the group complexity of the semigroup. We also obtain some decompositions for semigroups of triangular matrices over more general rings and semirings.
We prove that the wreath product $C=A wr B$ of a semigroup $A$ with zero and an infinite cyclic semigroup $B$ is $q_ω$-compact (logically Noetherian). Our result partially solves the Plotkin`s problem about wreath products
We investigate a semigroup construction related to the two-sided wreath product. It encompasses a range of known constructions and gives a slightly finer version of the decomposition in the Krohn-Rhodes Theorem, in which the three-element flip-flop is replaced by the two-element semilattice. We develop foundations of the theory of our construction, showing in the process that it naturally combines ideas from semigroup theory (wreath products), category theory (Grothendieck construction), and ordered structures (residuated lattices).
We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for a semigroup identity to hold in the monoid of $n\times n$ upper triangular tropical matrices, in terms of equivalence of certain tropical polynomials. This leads to an algorithm for checking whether such an identity holds, in time polynomial in the length of the identity and size of the alphabet. It also allows us to answer a question of Izhakian and Margolis, by showing that the identities which hold in the monoid of $2\times 2$ upper triangular tropical matrices are exactly the same as those which hold in the bicyclic monoid. Our results e…
Wreath products involving symmetric inverse monoids/semigroups/categories arise in many areas of algebra and science, and presentations by generators and relations are crucial tools in such studies. The current paper finds such presentations for $M\wr\mathcal I_n$, $M\wr\operatorname{Sing}(\mathcal I_n)$ and $M\wr\mathcal I$. Here $M$ is an arbitrary monoid, $\mathcal I_n$ is the symmetric inverse monoid, $\operatorname{Sing}(\mathcal I_n)$ its singular ideal, and $\mathcal I$ is the symmetric inverse category.
We study semigroup varieties generated by full and upper triangular tropical matrix semigroups and the plactic monoid of rank 4. We prove that the upper triangular tropical matrix semigroup $UT_n(\mathbb{T})$ generates a different semigroup variety for each dimension $n$. We show a weaker version of this fact for the full matrix semigroup: full tropical matrix semigroups of different prime dimensions generate different semigroup varieties. For the plactic monoid of rank 4, $\mathbb{P}_4$, we find a new set of identities satisfied by $\mathbb{P}_4$ shorter than those previously known, and show …
For a subset $B$ of $\mathbb{R}$, denote by $\operatorname{U}(B)$ be the semiring of (univariate) polynomials in $\mathbb{R}[X]$ that are strictly positive on $B$. Let $\mathbb{N}[X]$ be the semiring of (univariate) polynomials with non-negative integer coefficients. We study solutions of homogeneous linear equations over the polynomial semirings $\operatorname{U}(B)$ and $\mathbb{N}[X]$. In particular, we prove local-global principles for solving single homogeneous linear equations over these semirings. We then show PTIME decidability of determining the existence of non-zero solutions over $\…
We study the free objects in the variety of semigroups and variety of monoids generated by the monoid of all $n \times n$ upper triangular matrices over a commutative semiring. We obtain explicit representations of these, as multiplicative subsemigroups of quiver algebras over polynomial semirings. In the $2 \times 2$ case this also yields a representation as a subsemigroup of a semidirect product of commutative monoids. In particular, from the case where $n=2$ and the semiring is the tropical semifield, we obtain a representation of the free objects in the monoid and semigroup varieties gener…
We extend a well-known theorem of Burnside in the setting of general fields as follows: for a general field $F$ the matrix algebra $M_n(F)$ is the only algebra in $M_n(F)$ which is spanned by an irreducible semigroup of triangularizable matrices. In other words, for a semigroup of triangularizable matrices with entries from a general field irreducibility is equivalent to absolute irreducibility. As a consequence of our result we prove a stronger version of a theorem of Janez Bernik.
In this note, we consider irreducible semigroups of real, complex, and quaternionic matrices with real spectra. We prove Burnside type theorems in the settings of reals and quaternions. First, we prove that an irreducible semigroup of triangularizable matrices in $M_n(\mathbb{R})$ contains a vector space basis for $M_n(\mathbb{R})$. In other words, $M_n(\mathbb{R})$ is the only irreducible subalgebra of itself that is spanned by an irreducible semigroup of triangularizable matrices in $M_n(\mathbb{R})$. Next, we use this result to show that, up to similarity, $M_n(\mathbb{R})$ is the only irre…
For a monoid $M$ and a subsemigroup $S$ of the full transformation semigroup $T_n$, the wreath product $M\wr S$ is defined to be the semidirect product $M^n\rtimes S$, with the coordinatewise action of $S$ on $M^n$. The full wreath product $M\wr T_n$ is isomorphic to the endomorphism monoid of the free $M$-act on $n$ generators. Here, we are particularly interested in the case that $S=Sing_n$ is the singular part of $T_n$, consisting of all non-invertible transformations. Our main results are presentations for $M\wr Sing_n$ in terms of certain natural generating sets, and we prove these via ge…
The multiplicative semigroup $M_n(F)$ of $n\times n$ matrices over a field $F$ is well understood, in particular, it is a regular semigroup. This paper considers semigroups of the form $M_n(S)$, where $S$ is a semiring, and the subsemigroups $UT_n(S)$ and $U_n(S)$ of $M_n(S)$ consisting of upper triangular and unitriangular matrices. Our main interest is in the case where $S$ is an idempotent semifield, where we also consider the subsemigroups $UT_n(S^*)$ and $U_n(S^*)$ consisting of those matrices of $UT_n(S)$ and $U_n(S)$ having all elements on and above the leading diagonal non-zero. Our gu…
In 2010, Izhakian & Margolis proved that the bicyclic monoid admits a representation as a semigroup of upper triangular tropical matrices. We extend this result by classifying all one-relation monoids which admit such representations. We also classify, with two exceptions, all one-relation monoids which admit representations as semigroups of tropical matrices.
We exhibit a faithful representation of the plactic monoid of every finite rank as a monoid of upper triangular matrices over the tropical semiring. This answers a question first posed by Izhakian and subsequently studied by several authors. A consequence is a proof of a conjecture of Kubat and Okniński that every plactic monoid of finite rank satisfies a non-trivial semigroup identity. In the converse direction, we show that every identity satisfied by the plactic monoid of rank $n$ is satisfied by the monoid of $n \times n$ upper triangular tropical matrices. In particular this implies that …
