Let G be a reductive algebraic group and H a closed subgroup of G. An affine embedding of the homogeneous space G/H is an affine G-variety with an open G-orbit isomorphic to G/H. We start with some basic properties of affine embeddings and consider the cases, where the theory is well-developed: toric varieties, normal SL(2)-embeddings, S-varieties, and algebraic monoids. We discuss connections between the theory of affine embeddings and Hilbert's 14th Problem via a theorem of Grosshans. We characterize affine homogeneous spaces G/H such that any affine embedding of G/H contains a finite number of G-orbits. The maximal value of modality over all affine embeddings of a given affine homogeneous space is computed and the group of equivariant automorphisms of an embedding is studied. As applications of the theory, we describe invariant algebras on homogeneous spaces of a compact Lie group and G-algebras with finitely generated invariant subalgebras.
For an affine spherical homogeneous space G/H of a connected semisimple algebraic group G, we consider the factorization morphism by the action on G/H of a maximal unipotent subgroup of G. We prove that this morphism is equidimensional if and only if the weight semigroup of G/H satisfies some simple condition.
The extended weight semigroup of a homogeneous space G/H of a connected semisimple algebraic group G characterizes the spectra of the representations of G on the spaces of regular sections of homogeneous linear bundles over G/H, including the space of regular functions on G/H. We compute the extended weight semigroups for all strictly irreducible affine spherical homogeneous spaces G/H, where G is a simply connected non-simple semisimple complex algebraic group and H a connected closed subgroup of it. In all the cases we also find the highest weight functions corresponding to the indecomposabl…
Starting from a homogeneous affine Springer fiber $Fl_ψ$, we construct three moduli spaces that correspond to the Dolbeault, de Rham and Betti aspects of a hypothetical Simpson correspondence with wild ramifications. We show that $Fl_ψ$ is homeomorphic to the central Lagrangian fiber in the Dolbeault space, prove that the Dolbeaut and de Rham spaces both have the same cohomology as $Fl_ψ$, and construct a map from the de Rham space to the Betti space which we conjecture to be an analytic isomorphism.
Let $G$ be a reductive algebraic group and $H$ its reductive subgroup. Fix a Borel subgroup $B\subset G$ and a maximal torus $T\subset B$. The Cartan space $\a_{G,G/H}$ is, by definition, the subspace of $\Lie(T)^*$ generated by the weights of $B$-semiinvariant rational functions on $G/H$. We compute the spaces $\a_{G,G/H}$.
Affinely closed homogeneous spaces G/H, i.e., affine homogeneous spaces that admit only the trivial affine embedding, are characterized for any affine algebraic group G. As a corollary, a description of affine G-algebras with finitely generated invariant subalgebras is obtained.
Let $X$ be a rational homogeneous space and let $QH^*(X)_{loc}^\times$ be the group of invertible elements in the small quantum cohomology ring of $X$ localised in the quantum parameters. We generalise results of arXiv:math/0609796 and realise explicitly the map $π_1({\rm Aut}(X))\to QH^*(X)_{loc}^\times$ described in arXiv:dg-ga/9511011. We even prove that this map is an embedding and realise it in the equivariant quantum cohomology ring $QH^*_T(X)_{loc}^\times$. We give explicit formulas for the product by these elements. The proof relies on a generalisation, to a quotient of the equivariant…
Let G be a reductive algebraic group and let H be a reductive subgroup of G. We describe all pairs (G,H) such that for any affine G-variety X with a dense G-orbit isomorphic to G/H the number of G-orbits in X is finite. The maximal number of parameters in families of G-orbits in all affine embeddings of G/H is computed.
Let G be a connected reductive group. To any irreducible G-variety one associates a certain linear group generated by reflections called the Weyl group. Weyl groups play an important role in the study of embeddings of homogeneous spaces. We establish algorithms for computing Weyl groups for homogeneous spaces and affine homogeneous vector bundles. For some special classes of G-varieties (affine homogeneous vector bundles of maximal rank, affine homogeneous spaces, homogeneous spaces of maximal rank with discrete group of central automorphisms) we compute Weyl groups more or less explicitly.
We construct explicit embeddings of generalized Danielewski surfaves in affine spaces. The equations defining these embeddings are obtained from the 2x2 minors of a matrix attached to a labelled rooted tree. Then we describe more precisely those surfaces with a trivial Makar-Limanov invariant.
In a previous paper Affine symmetries of the equivariant quantum cohomology of rational homogeneous spaces, a general formula was given for the multiplication by some special Schubert classes in the quantum cohomology of any homogeneous space. Although this formula is correct in the non equivariant setting, the stated equivariant version was wrong. We provide corrections for the equivariant formula, thus giving a correct argument for the non equivariant formula. We also give new formulas in the equivariant homology of the affine grassmannian that could lead to Pieri type formulas.
The complexity of an action of a reductive algebraic group G on an algebraic variety X is the codimension of a generic B-orbit in X, where B is a Borel subgroup of G. We classify affine homogeneous spaces G/H of complexity one. These results are the natural continuation of the classification of spherical affine homogeneous spaces, i.e., spaces of complexity zero.
We classify affine varieties with an action of a connected, reductive algebraic group such that the group is isomorphic to an open orbit in the variety. This is accomplished by associating a set of one-parameter subgroups of the group to the variety, characterizing such sets, and proving that sets of this type correspond to affine embeddings of the group. Applications of this classification to the existence of morphisms are then given.
Let $G$ be a connected reductive group. We find a necessary and sufficient condition for a quasiaffine homogeneous space of $G$ to be embeddable into an irreducible $G$-module. In addition, for an affine homogeneous space we find a criterium for a closed embedding to exist
Let $A$ be an abelian variety over a field. The homogeneous (or translation-invariant) vector bundles over $A$ form an abelian category ${\rm HVec}_A$; the Fourier-Mukai transform yields an equivalence of ${\rm HVec}_A$ with the category of coherent sheaves with finite support on the dual abelian variety. In this paper, we develop an alternative approach to homogeneous vector bundles, based on the equivalence of ${\rm HVec}_A$ with the category of finite-dimensional representations of a commutative affine group scheme (the "affine fundamental group" of $A$). This displays remarkable analogies …
Let $Y$ be the underlying variety of a connected affine algebraic group. We prove that two embeddings of the affine line $\mathbb{C}$ into $Y$ are the same up to an automorphism of $Y$ provided that $Y$ is not isomorphic to a product of a torus $(\mathbb{C}^\ast)^k$ and one of the three varieties $\mathbb{C}^3$, $\operatorname{SL}_2$, and $\operatorname{PSL}_2$.
Consider a graphed holomorphic surface $u=F(x,y)$ in $\mathbb{C}^3_{x,y,u}$ under the action of the affine transformation group $A(3)$. In 1999, Eastwood and Ezhov obtained a list of homogeneous models by determining possible tangential vector fields. Inspired by Olver's recurrence formulas, we study the algebra of $A(3)$ differential invariants of surfaces. We obtain necessary conditions for homogeneity of algebraic nature. Solving these conditions, we organise homogeneous models in inequivalent branches.
Let G be a connected reductive group. To any irreducible G-variety one assigns the lattice generated by all weights of B-semiinvariant rational functions on X, where B$ is a Borel subgroup of G. This lattice is called the weight lattice of X. We establish algorithms for computing weight lattices for homogeneous spaces and affine homogeneous vector bundles. For affine homogeneous spaces of rank rk(G) we present a more or less explicit computation.
The affine Grassmannian of $SL_n$ admits an embedding into the Sato Grassmannian, which further admits a Plücker embedding into the projectivization of Fermion Fock space. Kreiman, Lakshmibai, Magyar, and Weyman describe the linear part of the ideal defining this embedding in terms of certain elements of the dual of Fock space called "shuffles", and they conjecture that these elements together with the Plücker relations suffice to cut out the affine Grassmannian. We give a proof of this conjecture in two steps: first we reinterpret the shuffles equations in terms of Frobenius twists of symmetr…
In 1973 V.L.Popov classified affine SL(2)-embeddings. He proved that a locally transitive SL(2)-action on a normal affine three-dimensional variety X is uniquely determined by a pair (p/q, r), where 0<p/q<=1 is an uncancelled fraction and r is a positive integer. Here r is the order of the stabilizer of a generic point. In this paper we show that the variety X is toric, i.e. admits a locally transitive action of an algebraic torus, if and only if r is divisible by q-p. To do this we prove the following necessary and sufficient condition for an affine G/H-embedding to be toric. Suppose X is a n…
We present a modern proof of a theorem of Rosenlicht, asserting that every variety as in the title is isomorphic to a product of affine lines and punctured affine lines.
This article provides, over any field, infinitely many algebraic embeddings of the affine spaces $\mathbb{A}^1$ and $\mathbb{A}^2$ into smooth quadrics of dimension two and three respectively, which are pairwise non-equivalent under automorphisms of the smooth quadric. Our main tools are the study of the birational morphism $\mathrm{SL}_2 \to \mathbb{A}^3$ and the fibration $\mathrm{SL}_2 \to \mathbb{A}^3 \to \mathbb{A}^1$ obtained by projections, as well as degenerations of variables of polynomial rings, and families of $\mathbb{A}^1$-fibrations.
We establish a relative version of the abstract "affine representability" theorem in ${\mathbb A}^1$--homotopy theory from Part I of this paper. We then prove some ${\mathbb A}^1$--invariance statements for generically trivial torsors under isotropic reductive groups over infinite fields analogous to the Bass--Quillen conjecture for vector bundles. Putting these ingredients together, we deduce representability theorems for generically trivial torsors under isotropic reductive groups and for associated homogeneous spaces in ${\mathbb A}^1$--homotopy theory.
We extend the Altmann--Mavlyutov construction of homogeneous deformations of affine toric varieties to the case of toric pairs $(X, \partial X)$, where $X$ is an affine or projective toric variety and $\partial X$ is its toric boundary. As an application, we generalise a result due to Ilten to the case of Fano toric pairs.
We characterize embeddability of algebraic varieties into smooth toric varieties and prevarieties. Our embedding results hold also in an equivariant context and thus generalize a well known embedding theorem of Sumihiro on quasiprojective G-varieties. The main idea is to reduce the embedding problem to the affine case. This is done by constructing equivariant affine conoids, a tool which extends the concept of an equivariant affine cone over a projective G-variety to a more general framework.
We study equivariant affine embeddings of homogeneous spaces and their equivariant automorphisms. An example of a quasiaffine, but not affine, homogeneous space with finitely many equivariant automorphisms is presented. We prove the solvability of any connected group of equivariant automorphisms for an affine embedding with a fixed point and finitely many orbits. This is applied to studying the orbital decomposition for algebraic monoids and canonical embeddings of quasiaffine homogeneous spaces, i.e., those affine embeddings associated with the coordinate algebras of homogeneous spaces, provi…
Braverman, Finkelberg, and Nakajima define Kac-Moody affine Grassmannian slices as Coulomb branches of $3d$ $\mathcal{N}=4$ quiver gauge theories and prove that their Coulomb branch construction agrees with the usual loop group definition in finite ADE types. The Coulomb branch construction has good algebraic properties, but its geometry is hard to understand in general. In finite types, an essential geometric feature is that slices embed into one another. We show that these embeddings are compatible with the fundamental monopole operators (FMOs), remarkable regular functions arising from the …
Let $X$ be an affine algebraic variety endowed with an action of complexity one of an algebraic torus $\mathbb{T}$. It is well known that homogeneous locally nilpotent derivations on the algebra of regular functions $\mathbb{K}[X]$ can be described in terms of proper polyhedral divisors corresponding to $\mathbb{T}$-variety $X$. We prove that homogeneous locally nilpotent derivations commute if an only if some combinatorial criterion holds. These results are used to describe actions of unipotent groups of dimension two on affine $\mathbb{T}$-varieties.
Let $X$ be a connected affine homogenous space of a linear algebraic group $G$ over $\C$. (1) If $X$ is different from a line or a torus we show that the space of all algebraic vector fields on $X$ coincides with the Lie algebra generated by complete algebraic vector fields on $X$. (2) Suppose that $X$ has a $G$-invariant volume form $ω$. We prove that the space of all divergence-free (with respect to $ω$) algebraic vector fields on $X$ coincides with the Lie algebra generated by divergence-free complete algebraic vector fields on $X$ (including the cases when $X$ is a line or a torus). The pr…
We propose a novel sufficient condition establishing that a piecewise affine variety has the same topology as a variety of the sphere $\mathbb{S}^n$ defined by positively homogeneous $C^1$ functions. This covers the case of $C^1$ varieties in the projective space $\mathbb{P}^n$. We prove that this condition is sufficient in the case of codimension one and arbitrary dimension. We describe an implementation working for homogeneous polynomials in arbitrary dimension and codimension and give experimental evidences that our condition might still be sufficient in codimension greater than one.
Let $G$ be a connected reductive complex algebraic group. Luna assigned to any spherical homogeneous space $G/H$ a combinatorial object called a homogeneous spherical datum. By a theorem of Losev, this object uniquely determines $G/H$ up to $G$-equivariant isomorphism. In this paper, we determine the homogeneous spherical datum of a $G$-orbit $X_0$ in a spherical embedding $G/H \hookrightarrow X$. As an application, we obtain a description of the colored fan associated to the spherical embedding $X_0 \hookrightarrow \bar{X_0}$.
We survey recent results on open embeddings of the affine space $\mathbb{C}^n$ into a complete algebraic variety $X$ such that the action of the vector group $\mathbb{G}_a^n$ on $\mathbb{C}^n$ by translations extends to an action of $\mathbb{G}_a^n$ on $X$. We begin with Hassett-Tschinkel correspondence describing equivariant embeddings of $\mathbb{C}^n$ into projective spaces and give its generalization for embeddings into projective hypersurfaces. Further sections deal with embeddings into flag varieties and their degenerations, complete toric varieties, and Fano varieties of certain types.
We describe explicitly the normalization of affine varieties with an algebraic torus action of complexity one in terms of polyhedral divisors. We also provide a description of homogeneous integrally closed ideals of affine T-varieties of complexity one.
We study equivariant embeddings with small boundary of a given homogeneous space $G/H$, where $G$ is a connected, linear algebraic group with trivial Picard group and only trivial characters, and $H \subset G$ is an extension of a connected Grosshans subgroup by a torus. Under certain maximality conditions, like completeness, we obtain finiteness of the number of isomorphism classes of such embeddings, and we provide a combinatorial description the embbeddings and their morphisms. The latter allows a systematic treatment of examples and basic statements on the geometry of the equivariant embed…
The paper concerns the affine varieties that are homogeneous with respect to a (non-standard) graduation over the group Z^m. Among the other properties it is shown that every such a variety can be embedded in its Zariski tangent space at the origin, so that it is smooth if and only if it is isomorphic to an affine space. The results directly apply to the study of Hilbert schemes of subvarieties in P^n.
In this paper we study certain homogeneous spaces, which we call generalised affine Stiefel algebraic varieties. The main aim is to characterise the canonical divisor of generalised affine Stiefel algebraic varieties in terms of group representations. Affine Stiefel algebraic varieties and in particular $S^{n}$ are two special cases of the generalised affine Stiefel algebraic varieties.
In this paper, we report several large classes of affine varieties (over an arbitrary field $K$ of characteristic 0) with the following property: each variety in these classes has an isomorphic copy such that the corresponding isomorphism cannot be extended to an automorphism of the ambient affine space $K^n$. This implies, in particular, that each of these varieties has at least two inequivalent embeddings in $K^n$. The following application of our results seems interesting: we show that lines in $K^2$ are distinguished among irreducible algebraic retracts by the property of having a unique e…
This is a draft of a monograph to appear in the Springer series "Encyclopaedia of Mathematical Sciences", subseries "Invariant Theory and Algebraic Transformation Groups". The subject is homogeneous spaces of algebraic groups and their equivariant embeddings. The style of exposition is intermediate between survey and detailed monograph: some results are supplied with detailed proofs, while the other are cited without proofs but with references to the original papers. The content is briefly as follows. Starting with basic properties of algebraic homogeneous spaces and related objects, such as i…
While the general question of whether every closed embedding of an affine line in affine $3$-space can be rectified remains open, there have been several partial results proved by several different means. We provide a new approach, namely constructing (strongly) residual coordinates, that allows us to give new proofs of all known partial results, and in particular generalize the results of Bhatwadekar-Roy and Kuroda on embeddings of the form $(t^n,t^m,t^l+t)$.
Let G be a reductive group over an algebraically closed field of characteristic p>0. We study properties of embeddings of spherical homogeneous G-spaces. We look at Frobenius splittings, canonical or by a (p-1)-th power, compatible with certain subvarieties. We also look at cohomology vanishing and show the existence of rational G-equivariant resolutions by toroidal embeddings. We show that the class of homogeneous spaces for which our results hold contains the symmetric homogeneous spaces in characteristic not 2 and is closed under parabolic induction.
In this paper we continue the study of good re-embeddings of affine K-algebras started in [KLR]. The idea is to use special linear projections to find isomorphisms between a given affine K-algebra K[X]/I, where X=(x_1,...,x_n), and K-algebras having fewer generators. These projections are induced by particular tuples of indeterminates Z and by term orderings $σ$ which realize Z as leading terms of a tuple F of polynomials in I. In order to efficiently find such tuples, we provide two major new tools: an algorithm which reduces the check whether a given tuple F is Z-separating to an LP feasibil…
We study open equivariant projective embeddings of homogeneous spaces such that the complement of the open orbit does not contain divisors. Criterions of existence of such an embedding are considered and finiteness of isomorphism classes of embeddings for a given homogeneous space is proved. Any embedding with small boundary is realized as a GIT-quotient associated with a linearization of the trivial line bundle on the space of the canonical embedding. The generalized Cox's construction and the theory of bunched rings allow us to describe basic geometric properties of embeddings with small bou…
We prove that if Y is a hypersurface of degree d in P^n with isolated singularities, then the log canonical threshold of (P^n,Y) is at least min{n/d,1}. Moreover, if d is at least n+1, then we have equality if and only if Y is the projective cone over a (smooth) hypersurface in P^{n-1}. In the case when Y is a hyperplane section of a smooth hypersurface in P^{n+1}, Cheltsov and Park have proved that Y has isolated singularities and they have obtained the above lower bound for the log canonical threshold. Moreover they made the conjecture about the equality case (for d=n+1) and they proved that…
Quasi-homogeneous surfaces, or Gizatullin surfaces, are normal affine surfaces such that there exists an open orbit of the automorphism group with a finite complement. If the action of the automorphism group is transitive, the surface is called homogeneous. Examples of non-homogeneous Gizatullin surfaces were constructed in [Ko], but on more restricted conditions. We show that a similar result holds under less constrained assumptions. Moreover, we exhibit examples of smooth affine surfaces with a non-transitive action of the automorphism group whereas the automorphism group is huge. This means…
Smooth Schubert varieties in rational homogeneous manifolds of Picard number 1 are horospherical varieties. We characterize standard embeddings of smooth Schubert varieties in rational homogeneous manifolds of Picard number 1 by means of varieties of minimal rational tangents. In particular, we mainly consider nonhomogeneous smooth Schubert varieties in symplectic Grassmannians and in the 20-dimensional $F_4$-homogeneous manifold associated to a short simple root.
We develop a new connection between Differential Algebra and Geometric Invariant Theory, based on an anti-equivalence of categories between solution algebras associated to a linear differential equation (i.e. differential algebras generated by finitely many polynomials in a fundamental set of solutions), and affine quasi-homogeneous varieties (over the constant field) for the differential Galois group of the equation. Solution algebras can be associated to any connection over a smooth affine variety. It turns out that he spectrum of a solution algebra is an algebraic fiber space over the base …
In this paper, we address the following two general problems: given two algebraic varieties in ${\bf C}^n$, find out whether or not they are (1) isomorphic; (2) equivalent under an automorphism of ${\bf C}^n$. Although a complete solution of either of these problems is out of the question at this time, we give here some handy and useful invariants of isomorphic as well as of equivalent varieties. Furthermore, and more importantly, we give a universal procedure for obtaining all possible algebraic varieties isomorphic to a given one, and use it to construct numerous examples of isomorphic, but …
Every $\mathbb{A}^{1}-$bundle over the complex affine plane punctured at the origin, is trivial in the differentiable category but there are infinitely many distinct isomorphy classes of algebraic bundles. Isomorphy types of total spaces of such algebraic bundles are considered; in particular, the complex affine 3-sphere admitts such a structure with an additional homogeneity property. Total spaces of nontrivial homogeneous $\mathbb{A}^{1}$-bundles over the punctured plane are classified up to $\mathbb{G}_{m}$-equivariant algebraic isomorphism and a criterion for nonisomorphy is given. In fact…
In this paper we look at the notion of cohomological triviality of fibrations of homogeneous spaces of affine algebraic groups defined over $\mathbb{C}$ and use topological methods, primarily the theory of covering spaces. This is made possible because of the structure theory of affine algebraic groups. Further, we generalize our results for arbitrary connected algebraic groups and their homogeneous spaces. As an application of our methods, we give a structure result for quasi-reductive algebraic groups(i.e groups whose unipotent radical is trivial), upto isogeny.
Let X=spec A be a normal affine variety over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic 0 endowed with an effective action of a torus T of dimension n. Let also D be a homogeneous locally nilpotent derivation on the normal affine Z^n-graded domain A, so that D generates a k_+-action on X that is normalized by the T-action. We provide a complete classification of pairs (X,D) in two cases: for toric varieties (n=\dim X) and in the case where n=\dim X-1. This generalizes previously known results for surfaces due to Flenner and Zaidenberg. As an application we compute the homogeneous Makar-…
We obtain characterizations and structure results for homogeneous principal bundles over abelian varieties, that generalize work of Miyanishi and Mukai on homogeneous vector bundles. For this, we rely on notions and methods of algebraic transformation groups, especially observable subgroups and anti-affine groups.
