In the theory of progressive enlargements of filtrations, the supermartingale $Z_{t}=\mathbf{P}(g>t\mid \mathcal{F}_{t}) $ associated with an honest time g, and its additive (Doob-Meyer) decomposition, play an essential role. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach, using a multiplicative representation for the supermartingale Z_{t}, based on Doob's maximal identity. We thus give new examples of progressive enlargements. Moreover, we give, in our setting, a proof of the decomposition formula for martingales, using initial enlargement techniques, and use it to obtain some path decompositions given the maximum or minimum of some processes.
In this paper we review some old and new results about the enlargement of filtrations problem, as well as their applications to credit risk and insider trading problems. The enlargement of filtrations problem consists in the study of conditions under which a semimartingale remains a semimartingale when the filtration is enlarged, and, in such a case, how to find the Doob-Meyer decomposition. Filtrations may be enlarged in different ways. In this paper we consider initial and progressive filtration enlargements made by random variables and processes. Keywords: Credit Risk, Insider Trading, Enla…
In stochastic analysis, the flow of information through time is typically modelled using a filtration. We introduce some of the basic ideas involving enlargements of filtration. Here, we focus mainly on initial enlargements, where a given filtration is enlarged with knowledge of an additional random variable. This has applications to the modelling of insider trading in mathematical finance.
Given a reference filtration $\mathbb{F}$, we develop in this work a generic method for computing the semimartingale decomposition of $\mathbb{F}$-martingales in some specific enlargements of $\mathbb{F}$. This method is then applied to the study of progressive enlargement with multiple non-ordered random times, for which explicit decompositions can be obtained under the absolute continuity condition of Jacod.
It is a working version of a lecture on the theory of enlargement of filtration, given at the African Mathematic School in Marrakech, October 19-23, 2015.
This work is concerned with the theory of initial and progressive enlargements of a reference filtration F with a random time τ. We provide, under an equivalence assumption, slightly stronger than the absolute continuity assumption of Jacod, alternative proofs to results concerning canonical decomposition of an F-martingale in the enlarged filtrations. Also, we address martingales' characterization in the enlarged filtrations in terms of martingales in the reference filtration, as well as predictable representation theorems in the enlarged filtrations.
Let $X$ be a point process and let $\mathbb{X}$ denote the filtration generated by $X$. In this paper we study martingale representation theorems in the filtration $\mathbb{G}$ obtained as an initial and progressive enlargement of the filtration $\mathbb{X}$. The progressive enlargement is done here by means of a whole point process $H$. We do not require further assumptions on the point process $H$ nor on the dependence between $X$ and $H$. In particular, we recover the special case of the progressive enlargement by a random time $τ$.
A strict local martingale is a local martingale that is not a martingale. We investigate how such a process might arise from a true martingale as a result of an enlargement of the filtration. We study and implement a particular type of enlargement, initial expansion of filtration, for various stochastic differential equations and provide sufficient conditions in each of these cases such that initial expansion can create a strict local martingale under an equivalent probability measure. Such situations arise in the theory of Mathematical Finance.
The enlargement of filtration theory is a study of semimartingales when the basic filtration changes. This theory provides particular techniques on stochastic calculus. We present here a technique, that we call the local solution method. We will show, with several examples, that the local solution method is an effective and flexible method. In particular, with the local solution method, we will give a unified proof of three of the classical formulas, namely Jacod's formula, the progressive enlargement formula and the enlargement formula with honest time. We also show that, besides its generali…
We extend to Riemannian manifolds the theory of conditioned stochastic differential equations. We also provide some enlargement formulas for the Brownian filtration in this nonflat setting.
We deal with various alternative decompositions of F-martingales with respect to the filtration G which represents the enlargement of a filtration F by a progressive flow of observations of a random time that either belongs to the class of pseudo-honest times or satisfies the extended density hypothesis. Several related results from the existing literature are essentially extended. Results on G-semimartingale decompositions of F-local martingales are crucial for applications in financial mathematics, most notably in the context of modeling credit risk and the study of insider trading where the…
We present two examples of loss of the predictable representation property for semi-martingales by enlargement of the reference filtration. First of all we show that the predictable representation property for a square-integrable semi-martingale X does not transfer from the reference filtration F to a larger filtration G when the information starts growing up to a positive time. Then we study the case when F coincides with the natural filtration of X and G is obtained by adding the natural filtration of a second square-integrable semi-martingale, Y. We establish conditions under which the trip…
Azéma associated with an honest time L the supermartingale $Z_{t}^{L}=\mathbb{P}[L>t|\mathcal{F}_{t}]$ and established some of its important properties. This supermartingale plays a central role in the general theory of stochastic processes and in particular in the theory of progressive enlargements of filtrations. In this paper, we shall give an additive characterization for these supermartingales, which in turn will naturally provide many examples of enlargements of filtrations. In particular, we use this characterization to establish some path decomposition results, closely related to or re…
We work in the setting of the progressive enlargement $\mathbb G$ of a reference filtration $\mathbb F$ through the observation of a random time $τ$. We study an integral representation property for some classes of $\mathbb G$-martingales stopped at $τ$. In the first part, we focus on the case where $\mathbb F$ is a Poisson filtration and we establish a predictable representation property with respect to three $\mathbb G$-martingales. In the second part, we relax the assumption that $\mathbb F$ is a Poisson filtration and we assume that $τ$ is an $\mathbb F$-pseudo-stopping time. We establish …
We formulate and investigate a general stochastic control problem under a progressive enlargement of filtration. The global information is enlarged from a reference filtration and the knowledge of multiple random times together with associated marks when they occur. By working under a density hypothesis on the conditional joint distribution of the random times and marks, we prove a decomposition of the original stochastic control problem under the global filtration into classical stochastic control problems under the reference filtration, which are determined in a finite backward induction. Ou…
In the present paper we address stochastic optimal control problems for a step process $(X,\mathbb{F})$ under a progressive enlargement of the filtration. The global information is obtained adding to the reference filtration $\mathbb{F}$ the point process $H=1_{[τ,+\infty)}$. Here $τ$ is a random time that can be regarded as the occurrence time of an external shock event. We study two classes of control problems, over $[0,T]$ and over the random horizon $[0,T \wedge τ]$. We solve these control problems following a dynamical approach based on a class of BSDEs driven by the jump measure $μ^ Z$ o…
Let X and Y be an m-dimensional F-semimartingale and an n-dimensional H-semimartingale respectively on the same probability space, both enjoying the strong predictable representation property. We propose a martingale representation result under the probability measure P for the square integrable G-martingales, where G is the union of F and H. As a first application we identify the biggest possible value of the multiplicity in the sense of Davis and Varaiya of the union of F1,..., Fd, where, fixed i in (1,...,d), Fi is the reference filtration of a real martingale Mi, which enjoys the Fi-predic…
In a general semimartingale financial model, we study the stability of the No Arbitrage of the First Kind (NA1) (or, equivalently, No Unbounded Profit with Bounded Risk) condition under initial and under progressive filtration enlargements. In both cases, we provide a simple and general condition which is sufficient to ensure this stability for any fixed semimartingale model. Furthermore, we give a characterisation of the NA1 stability for all semimartingale models.
The martingale part in the semimartingale decomposition of a Brownian motion with respect to an enlargement of its filtration, is an anticipative mapping of the given Brownian motion. In analogy to optimal transport theory, we define causal transport plans in the context of enlargement of filtrations, as the Kantorovich counterparts of the aforementioned non-adapted mappings. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a Brownian motion to remain a semimartingale in an enlarged filtration, in terms of certain minimization problems over sets of causal transport plans. The latter are als…
This work deals with backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE) with random marked jumps, and their applications to default risk. We show that these BSDEs are linked with Brownian BSDEs through the decomposition of processes with respect to the progressive enlargement of filtrations. We show that the equations have solutions if the associated Brownian BSDEs have solutions. We also provide a uniqueness theorem for BSDEs with jumps by giving a comparison theorem based on the comparison for Brownian BSDEs. We give in particular some results for quadratic BDSEs. As applications, we study the…
In this paper we provide an exhaustive survey of the current state of the mathematics of filtration enlargement and an interpretation of the key results of the literature from the viewpoint of mathematical finance. The emphasis is on providing a well-structured compendium of known mathematical results that can be used by researchers in mathematical finance. We mainly state the results and discuss their role and significance, with references provided for the omitted proofs. The discussion of mathematical results is accompanied by numerous examples from mathematical finance.
Enlargement of filtrations is a classical topic in the general theory of stochastic processes. This theory has been applied to stochastic finance in order to analyze models with insider information. In this paper we study initial enlargement in a Markov chain market model, introduced by R. Norberg. In the enlargened filtration several things can happen: some of the jumps times can be accessible or predictable, but in the orginal filtration all the jumps times are totally inaccessible. But even if the jumps times change to accessible or predictable, the insider does not necessarily have arbitra…
Consider $\mathbb{G}$ the progressive enlargement of a filtration $\mathbb{F}$ with a random time $τ$. Assuming that, in $\mathbb{F}$, the martingale representation property holds, we examine conditions under which the martingale representation property holds also in $\mathbb{G}$. A general methodology is developed in this paper, with results covering every known (classical or recent) examples.
Let $ξ$ be an integrable random variable defined on $(Ω, \mathcal{F}, \mathbb{P})$. Fix $k\in \mathbb{Z}_+$ and let $\{\mathcal{G}_{i}^{j}\}_{1\le i \le n, 1\le j \le k}$ be a reference family of sub-$σ$-fields of $\mathcal{F}$, such that $\{\mathcal{G}_{i}^{j}\}_{1\le i \le n}$ is a filtration for each $j\in \{1,2,\dots,k\}$. In this article we explain the underlying connection between the analysis of the maximal functions of the corresponding coherent vector and basic combinatorial properties of the uncentered Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator. Following a classical approach of Grafakos, Kin…
We show that all local martingales with respect to the initially enlarged natural filtration of a vector of multivariate point processes can be weakly represented up to the minimum among the explosion times of the components. We also prove that a strong representation holds if any multivariate point process of the vector has almost surely infinite explosion time and discrete mark's space. Then we provide a condition under which the components of the multidimensional local martingale driving the strong representation are pairwise orthogonal.
We consider dynamic risk measures induced by Backward Stochastic Differential Equations (BSDEs) in enlargement of filtration setting. On a fixed probability space, we are given a standard Brownian motion and a pair of random variables $(τ, ζ) \in (0,+\infty) \times E$, with $E \subset \mathbb{R}^m$, that enlarge the reference filtration, i.e., the one generated by the Brownian motion. These random variables can be interpreted financially as a default time and an associated mark. After introducing a BSDE driven by the Brownian motion and the random measure associated to $(τ, ζ)$, we define the …
Relations between so-called harness processes and initial enlargements of the filtration of a Levy process with its positions at fixed times are investigated.
The present paper is devoted to the second part of our project on asymmetric maximal inequalities, where we consider martingales in continuous time. Let $(\mathcal M,τ)$ be a noncommutative probability space equipped with a continuous filtration of von Neumann subalgebras $(\mathcal M_t)_{0\leq t\leq1}$ whose union is weak-$*$ dense in $\mathcal{M}$. Let $\mathcal E_t$ denote the corresponding family of conditional expectations. As for discrete filtrations, we shall prove that for $1 < p < 2$ and $x \in L_p(\mathcal M,τ)$ one can find $a, b \in L_p(\mathcal M,τ)$ and contractions $u_t, v_t \in…
In this paper we investigate asymmetric forms of Doob maximal inequality. The asymmetry is imposed by noncommutativity. Let $(\M,τ)$ be a noncommutative probability space equipped with a weak-$*$ dense filtration of von Neumann subalgebras $(\M_n)_{n \ge 1}$. Let $\E_n$ denote the corresponding family of conditional expectations. As an illustration for an asymmetric result, we prove that for $1 < p < 2$ and $x \in L_p(\M,τ)$ one can find $a, b \in L_p(\M,τ)$ and contractions $u_n, v_n \in \M$ such that $$\E_n(x) = a u_n + v_n b \quad \mbox{and} \quad \max \big\{ \|a\|_p, \|b\|_p \big\} \le c_p…
We study an optimal investment problem under contagion risk in a financial model subject to multiple jumps and defaults. The global market information is formulated as a progressive enlargement of a default-free Brownian filtration, and the dependence of default times is modeled by a conditional density hypothesis. In this Ito-jump process model, we give a decomposition of the corresponding stochastic control problem into stochastic control problems in the default-free filtration, which are determined in a backward induction. The dynamic programming method leads to a backward recursive system …
