We present classes of nonassociative algebras whose associator satisfies invariance conditions given by the action of the 3 order symmetric group. Amongst these algebras we find the wellknown Pre Lie or Vinberg algebras and the Lie admissible algebras. We study the corresponding noncoassociative cogebras.
In this paper we consider all these nonassociative algebras defined by the action of invariant subspaces of the symmetric group $Σ_3$ on the associator of the considered laws.
We define nonassociative cyclic extensions of degree m of both fields and central simple algebras over fields. If a suitable field contains a primitive mth (resp., qth) root of unity, we show that suitable nonassociative generalized cyclic division algebras yield nonassociative cyclic extensions of degree m (resp., qs). Some of Amitsur's classical results on non-commutative associative cyclic extensions of both fields and central simple algebras are obtained as special cases.
We extend the loop algebra construction for algebras graded by abelian groups to study graded-simple algebras over the field of real numbers (or any real closed field). As an application, we classify up to isomorphism the graded-simple alternative (nonassociative) algebras and graded-simple finite-dimensional Jordan algebras of degree 2. We also classify the graded-division alternative (nonassociative) algebras up to equivalence.
We construct an analogue of the Nagata automorphism of free nonassociative algebras and free commutative algebras of rank two over a Euclidean domain and prove that it is wild.
Poisson superalgebras are known as a $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded vector space with two operations, an associative supercommutative multiplication and a super bracket tied up by the super Leibniz relation. We show that we can consider a single nonassociative multiplication containing all these datas and then consider Poisson superalgebras as non associative algebras.
Let F be a field of characteristic p. We define and investigate nonassociative differential extensions of F and of a central simple division algebra over F and give a criterium for these algebras to be division. As special cases, we obtain classical results for associative algebras by Amitsur and Jacobson. We construct families of nonassociative division algebras which can be viewed as generalizations of associative cyclic extensions of a purely inseparable field extension of exponent one or a central division algebra. Division algebras which are nonassociative cyclic extensions of a purely in…
Let $V$ be a linear space over a field ${\bf k}$ with a braiding $τ: V\otimes V\rightarrow V\otimes V.$ We prove that the braiding $τ$ has a unique extension on the free nonassociative algebra ${\bf k}\{V\}$ freely generated by $V$ so that ${\bf k}\{V\}$ is a braided algebra. Moreover, we prove that the free braided algebra ${\bf k}\{V\}$ has a natural structure of a braided nonassociative Hopf algebra such that every element of the space of generators $V$ is primitive. In the case of involutive braidings, $τ^2={\rm id}$, we describe braided analogues of Shestakov-Umirbaev operations and prove…
A variety of associative algebras is called nonmatrix if it does not contain the algebra of 2 x 2 matrices over the given field. Nonmatrix varieties were introduced and studied by V.N.Latyshev in relation with the Specht problem. Some characterizations of nonmatrix varieties were obtained in the paper [10]. In the given paper the notion of nonmatrix variety is extended for nonassociative algebras, and the characterization from [10] is generalized for alternative, Jordan, and some other varieties of algebras.
We study realizable values of the length function for unital possibly nonassociative algebras of a given dimension. To do this we apply the method of characteristic sequences and establish sufficient conditions of realisability for a given value of length. The proposed conditions are based on binary decompositions of the value and algebraic constructions that allow to modify length function of an algebra. Additionally we provide a classification of unital algebras of maximal possible length in terms of their basis.
We study the tensor product of an associative and a nonassociative cyclic algebra. The condition for the tensor product to be a division algebra equals the classical one for the tensor product of two associative cyclic algebras by Albert or Jacobson, if the base field contains a suitable root of unity. Stronger conditions are obtained in special cases. Applications to space-time block coding are discussed.
``Fusion rules'' are laws of multiplication among eigenspaces of an idempotent. We establish fusion rules for flexible power-associative algebras, following Albert. We define the notion of an axis in the noncommutative setting (compare with [HRS]) and accumulate information about pairs of axes. We also describe a class of noncommutative examples of flexible power-associative algebras.
With each Steiner triple system there is associated a one-parameter family of commutative, nonassociative, nonunital algebras that are by construction exact, meaning that the trace of every multiplication operator vanishes, and these algebras are shown to be Killing metrized, meaning the Killing type trace-form is nondegenerate and invariant (Frobenius), and simple, except for certain parameter values. The definition of these algebras resembles that of the Matsuo algebra of the Steiner triple system, but they are different. For a Hall triple system, the associated algebra is a primitive axial …
Moens proved that a finite-dimensional Lie algebra over field of characteristic zero is nilpotent if and only if it has an invertible Leibniz-derivation. In this article we prove the analogous results for finite-dimensional Malcev, Jordan, (-1,1)-, quasiassociative, quasialternative, right alternative and Malcev-admissible noncommutative Jordan algebras over the field of characteristic zero. Also, we describe all Leibniz-derivations of semisimple Jordan, right alternative and Malcev algebras.
Let $F$ be a field, char$(F)\neq 2$. Then every finite-dimensional $F$-algebra has either an idempotent or an absolute nilpotent if and only if over $F$ every polynomial of odd degree has a root in $F$. This is also necessary and sufficient for existence of eigenvectors for all quadratic operators in finite-dimensional spaces over $F$.
The article is devoted to homological complexes. Smashly graded modules and complexes are studied over nonassociative algebras with metagroup relations. Smashed tensor products of homological complexes are investigated. Their homotopisms and homologisms are scrutinized.
Let $S$ be a unital associative ring and $S[t;σ,δ]$ be a skew polynomial ring, where $σ$ is an injective endomorphism of $S$ and $δ$ a left $σ$-derivation. For each $f\in S[t;σ,δ]$ of degree $m>1$ with a unit as leading coefficient, we construct a unital nonassociative algebra whose behaviour reflects the properties of $f$. The algebras obtained yield canonical examples of right division algebras when $f$ is irreducible. We investigate the structure of these algebras. The structure of their right nucleus depends on the choice of $f$. In the classical literature, this nucleus appears as the eig…
There exists two types of nonassociative algebras whose associator satisfies a symmetric relation associated with a 1-dimensional invariant vector space with respect to the natural action of the symmetric group on three elements. The first one corresponds to the Lie-admissible algebras that we studied in a previous paper. Here we are interested by the second one corresponding to the third power associative algebras.
We study deformation quantization of nonassociative algebras whose associator satisfies some symmetric relations. This study is expanded to a larger class of nonassociative algebras includind Leibniz algebras. We apply also to this class the rule of polarization-depolarization.
The paper defines the notion of alternative loop algebra F[Q] for any nonassociative Moufang loop Q as being any non-zero homomorphic image of the loop algebra FQ of a loop Q over a field F. For the class M of all nonassociative alternative loop algebras F[Q] and for the class L of all nonassociative Moufang loops Q are defined the radicals R and S, respectively. Moreover, for classes M, L is proved an analogue of Wedderburn Theorem for finite dimensional associative algebras. It is also proved that any Moufang loop Q from the radical class R can be embedded into the loop of invertible element…
The aim of this paper is to give a survey of nonassociative Hom-algebra and Hom-superalgebra structures. The main feature of these algebras is that the identities defining the structures are twisted by homomorphisms. We discuss Hom-associative algebras, Hom-Flexible algebras, Hom-Lie algebras, $G$-hom-associative algebras, Hom-Poisson algebras, Hom-alternative algebras and Hom-Jordan algebras and $\mathbb{Z}_2$-graded versions. We give an overview of the development of Hom-algebras structures which have been intensively investigated recently.
Different approaches to construct linear codes using skew polynomials can be unified by using the nonassociative algebras built from skew-polynomial rings by Petit.
In this short survey we give a background and explain some recent developments in algebraic minimal cones and nonassociative algebras. A good deal of this paper is recollections of my collaboration with my teacher, PhD supervisor and a colleague, Vladimir Miklyukov on minimal surface theory that motivated the present research. This paper is dedicated to his memory.
In this paper we will explain an interesting phenomenon which occurs in general nonassociative algebras. More precisely, we establish that any finite-dimensional commutative nonassociative algebra over a field satisfying an identity always contains $\frac12$ in its Peirce spectrum. We also show that the corresponding $\frac12$-Peirce module satisfies the Jordan type fusion laws. The present approach is based on an explicit representation of the Peirce polynomial for an arbitrary algebra identity. To work with fusion rules, we develop the concept of the Peirce symbol and show that it can be exp…
These are the lecture notes from my short course of the same title at the CIMPA Research School on Associative and Nonassociative Algebras and Dialgebras: Theory and Algorithms - In Honour of Jean-Louis Loday (1946-2012), held at CIMAT, Guanajuato, Mexico, February 17 to March 2, 2013. The underlying motivation is to apply the theory of noncommutative Grobner bases in free associative algebras to the construction of universal associative envelopes for nonassociative structures defined by multilinear operations. Trilinear operations were classified by the author and Peresi in 2007. In her Ph.D.…
In this paper, we study the variety of all nonassociative (NA) algebras from the idempotent point of view. We are interested, in particular, in the spectral properties of idempotents when algebra is generic, i.e. idempotents are in general position. Our main result states that in this case, there exist at least $n-1$ nontrivial obstructions (syzygies) on the Peirce spectrum of a generic NA algebra of dimension $n$. We also discuss the exceptionality of the eigenvalue $λ=\frac12$ which appears in the spectrum of idempotents in many classical examples of NA algebras and characterize its extremal…
We describe families of nonassociative finite unital rings that occur as quotients of natural nonassociative orders in generalized nonassociative cyclic division algebras over number fields. These natural orders have already been used to systematically construct fully diverse fast-decodable space-time block codes. We show how the quotients of natural orders can be employed for coset coding. Previous results by Oggier and Sethuraman involving quotients of orders in associative cyclic division algebras are obtained as special cases.
In this note, we address the following question: Why certain nonassociative algebra structures emerge in the regularity theory of elliptic type PDEs and also in constructing nonclassical and singular solutions? The aim of the paper is twofold. Firstly, to give a survey of diverse examples on nonregular solutions to elliptic PDEs with emphasis on recent results on nonclassical solutions to fully nonlinear equations. Secondly, to define an appropriate algebraic formalism which makes the analytic part of the construction of nonclassical solutions more transparent.
Hom-Akivis algebras are introduced. The commutator-Hom-associator algebra of a non-Hom-associative algebra (i.e. a Hom-nonassociative algebra) is a Hom-Akivis algebra. It is shown that non-Hom-associative algebras can be obtained from nonassociative algebras by twisting along algebra automorphisms while Hom-Akivis algebras can be obtained from Akivis algebras by twisting along algebra endomorphisms. It is pointed out that a Hom-Akivis algebra associated to a Hom-alternative algebra is a Hom-Malcev algebra.
We consider absolutely free nonassociative algebras and, more generally, absolutely free algebras with (maybe infinitely) many multilinear operations. Such algebras are described in terms of labeled reduced planar rooted trees. This allows to apply combinatorial techniques to study their Hilbert series and the asymptotics of their coefficients. These algebras satisfy the Nielsen-Schreier property and their subalgebras are also free. Then, over a field of characteristic 0, we investigate the subalgebras of invariants under the action of a linear group, their sets of free generators and their Hi…
For a class of nonassociative metagroup algebras their separability is investigated. For this purpose the cohomology theory on them is utilized. Conditions are found under which nonassociative metagroup algebras are separable. Algebras satisfying these conditions are described.
Let $S$ be a unital ring, $S[t;σ,δ]$ a skew polynomial ring where $σ$ is an injective endomorphism and $δ$ a left $σ$-derivation, and suppose $f\in S[t;σ,δ]$ has degree $m$ and an invertible leading coefficient. Using right division by $f$ to define the multiplication, we obtain unital nonassociative algebras $S_f$ on the set of skew polynomials in $S[t;σ,δ]$ of degree less than $m$. We study the structure of these algebras. When $S$ is a Galois ring and $f$ base irreducible, these algebras yield families of finite unital nonassociative rings $A$, whose set of (left or right) zero divisors has…
In this paper we introduce the notion of weak non-asssociative Doi-Hopf module and give the Fundamental Theorem of Hopf modules in this setting. Also we prove that there exists a categorical equivalence that admits as particular instances the ones constructed in the literature for Hopf algebras, weak Hopf algebras, Hopf quasigroups, and weak Hopf quasigroups.
Bicommutative algebras are nonassociative algebras satisfying the polynomial identities of right- and left-commutativity (xy)z=(xz)y and x(yz)=y(xz). We study subvarieties of the variety of all bicommutative algebras over a field of characteristic 0. We prove that if the subvariety satisfies a polynomial identity of degree k, then its codimension sequence is bounded by a polynomial of degree k-1. Since the exponent of the variety of all bicommutative algebras is equal to 2, this gives that it is minimal with respect to the codimension growth. Up to isomorphism there are three one-generated two…
We generalize Amitsur's construction of central simple algebras over a field $F$ which are split by field extensions possessing a derivation with field of constants $F$ to nonassociative algebras: for every central division algebra $D$ over a field $F$ of characteristic zero there exists an infinite-dimensional unital nonassociative algebra whose right nucleus is $D$ and whose left and middle nucleus are a field extension $K$ of $F$ splitting $D$, where $F$ is algebraically closed in $K$. We then give a short direct proof that every $p$-algebra of degree $m$, which has a purely inseparable spl…
Working towards an algebra for operators of strongly interacting quantum fields, a nonassociative decomposition of field operators is proposed. In the demonstrated case, quantum corrections appear from the possible bracket permutations. A similarity of these corrections, as compared to corrections from dimensional transmutation, is considered.
Locally finiteness of some varieties of nonassociative coalgebras is studied and the Gelfand-Dorfman construction for Novikov coalgebras and the Kantor construction for Jordan super-coalgebras are given. We give examples of a non-locally finite differential coalgebra, Novikov coalgebra, Lie coalgebra, Jordan super-coalgebra, and right-alternative coalgebra. The dual algebra of each of these examples satisfies very strong additional identities. We also constructed examples of an infinite dimensional simple differential coalgebra, Novikov coalgebra, Lie coalgebra, and Jordan super-coalgebra over…
Let $σ$ be an automorphism of a field $K$ with fixed field $F$. We study the automorphisms of nonassociative unital algebras which are canonical generalizations of the associative quotient algebras $K[t;σ]/fK[t;σ]$ obtained when the twisted polynomial $f\in K[t;σ]$ is invariant, and were first defined by Petit. We compute all their automorphisms if $σ$ commutes with all automorphisms in ${\rm Aut}_F(K)$ and $n\geq m-1$, where $n$ is the order of $σ$ and $m$ the degree of $f$,and obtain partial results for $n<m-1$. In the case where $K/F$ is a finite Galois field extension, we obtain more detai…
The class of nonassociative right hoops, or narhoops for short, is defined as a subclass of right-residuated magmas, and is shown to be a variety. These algebras generalize both right quasigroups and right hoops, and we characterize the subvarieties in which the operation $x\sqcap y=(x / y)y$ is associative and/or commutative. Narhoops with a left unit are proved to have a top element if and only if $\sqcap$ is commutative, and their congruences are determined by the equivalence class of the left unit. We also show that the four identities defining narhoops are independent.
The purpose of this paper is to give a systematic study of two new classes of commutative nonassociative algebras, the so-called isospectral and medial algebras. An isospectral algebra $\mathbb{A}$ is a generic commutative nonassociative algebra whose idempotents have the same Peirce spectrum. A medial algebra is algebra with identity $(xy)(zw)=(xz)(yw)$. We show that these two classes are essentially coincide. We also prove that any medial spectral algebra is isomorphic to a certain isotopic deformation of the commutative associative quotient algebra $\mathbf{K}[z]/(z^n-1)$.
We study the series of complex nonassociative algebras On and real nonassociative algebras $O_{p,q}$ introduced in [10]. These algebras generalize the classical algebras of octonions and Clifford algebras. The algebras $O_{n}$ and $O_{p,q}$ with $p + q = n$ have a natural $Z_n^2$-grading, and they are characterized by cubic forms over the field $Z_2$. We establish a periodicity for the algebras $O_{n}$ and $O_{p,q}$ similar to that of the Clifford algebras Cln and $Cl_{p,q}$.
Numerical characteristics of identities of finite-dimensional nonassociative algebras are studied. The main result is the construction of a four-dimensional simple unitary algebra with fractional PI-exponent strictly less than its dimension.
In this paper we prove that every recursively presented Lie algebra over a field which is a finite extention of its simple subfield can be embedded in a recursively presented Lie algebra defined by relations which are equalities of (nonassociative) words of generators and a+b=c, where a,b,c are generators.
The exceptional simple Lie algebras of types E7 and E8 are endowed with optimal $SL_2^n$-structures, and are thus described in terms of the corresponding coordinate algebras. These are nonassociative algebras which much resemble the so called code algebras.
Decomposition algebras and axial decomposition algebras are classes of commutative nonassociative algebras which are generalizations of axial algebras. The classes decomposition algebras, axial decomposition al;gebras and non-primitive axial algebras also have univesal algebras. Furthermore, by using the existence of a universal algebra, 2-generated non-primitive axial algebras of Jordan type is classified.
We first discuss the construction by Perez-Izquierdo and Shestakov of universal nonassociative enveloping algebras of Malcev algebras. We then describe recent results on explicit structure constants for the universal enveloping algebras (both nonassociative and alternative) of the 4-dimensional solvable Malcev algebra and the 5-dimensional nilpotent Malcev algebra. We include a proof (due to Shestakov) that the universal alternative enveloping algebra of the real 7-dimensional simple Malcev algebra is isomorphic to the 8-dimensional division algebra of real octonions. We conclude with some bri…