The involvement of uncertainty of varying degrees when the total of the membership degree exceeds one or less than one, then the newer mathematical paradigm shift, Fuzzy Theory proves appropriate. For the past two or more decades, Fuzzy Theory has become the potent tool to study and analyze uncertainty involved in all problems. But, many real-world problems also abound with the concept of indeterminacy. In this book, the new, powerful tool of neutrosophy that deals with indeterminacy is utilized. Innovative neutrosophic models are described. The theory of neutrosophic graphs is introduced and applied to fuzzy and neutrosophic models. This book is organized into four chapters. In Chapter One we introduce some of the basic neutrosophic algebraic structures essential for the further development of the other chapters. Chapter Two recalls basic graph theory definitions and results which has interested us and for which we give the neutrosophic analogues. In this chapter we give the application of graphs in fuzzy models. An entire section is devoted for this purpose. Chapter Three introduces many new neutrosophic concepts in graphs and applies it to the case of neutrosophic cognitive maps and neutrosophic relational maps. The last section of this chapter clearly illustrates how the neutrosophic graphs are utilized in the neutrosophic models. The final chapter gives some problems about neutrosophic graphs which will make one understand this new subject.
In this paper we prove that Neutrosophic Set (NS) is an extension of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set (IFS) no matter if the sum of single-valued neutrosophic components is < 1, or > 1, or = 1. For the case when the sum of components is 1 (as in IFS), after applying the neutrosophic aggregation operators one gets a different result from that of applying the intuitionistic fuzzy operators, since the intuitionistic fuzzy operators ignore the indeterminacy, while the neutrosophic aggregation operators take into consideration the indeterminacy at the same level as truth-membership and falsehood-nonmembers…
Interval valued bipolar fuzzy weighted neutrosophic set(IVBFWN-set) is a new generalization of fuzzy set, bipolar fuzzy set, neutrosophic set and bipolar neutrosophic set so that it can handle uncertain information more flexibly in the process of decision making. Therefore, in this paper, we propose concept of IVBFWN-set and its operations. Also we give the IVBFWN-set average operator and IVBFWN-set geometric operator to aggregate the IVBFWN-sets, which can be considered as the generalizations of some existing ones under fuzzy, neutrosophic environments and so on. Finally, a decision making al…
This book is organized into four chapters. In Chapter One we just introduce the basic Fuzzy and Neutrosophic tools used in the analysis of the social evil of Untouchability. Since the notion of caste is based on themind, it is appropriate to use Fuzzy and Neutrosophic theory. In Chapter Two we use the opinion of several experts to analyze the various aspects of untouchability. Here, we use the tools that have been described in Chapter One. Fuzzy Directed Graphs and Neutrosophic Directed Graphs of these Fuzzy and Neutrosophic models happen to be very dense. We have represented 16 such graphs in…
One generalizes the intuitionistic fuzzy logic (IFL) and other logics to neutrosophic logic (NL). The distinctions between IFL and NL {and the corresponding intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) and neutrosophic set (NS) respectively} are presented.
The new concept of fuzzy interval matrices has been introduced in this book for the first time. The authors have not only introduced the notion of fuzzy interval matrices, interval neutrosophic matrices and fuzzy neutrosophic interval matrices but have also demonstrated some of its applications when the data under study is an unsupervised one and when several experts analyze the problem. Further, the authors have introduced in this book multiexpert models using these three new types of interval matrices. The new multi expert models dealt in this book are FCIMs, FRIMs, FCInMs, FRInMs, IBAMs, IB…
In this paper we generalize the intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS), paraconsistent set, and intuitionistic set to the neutrosophic set (NS). Several examples are presented. Also, a geometric interpretation of the Neutrosophic Set is given using a Neutrosophic Cube. Many distinctions between NS and IFS are underlined.
In this book the authors probe into Vedic Mathematics (a concept that gained renown in the period of the religious fanatic and revivalist Hindutva rule in India): and explore whether it is really 'Vedic' in origin or 'Mathematics' in content. We analyzed this problem using fuzzy models like Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM), Fuzzy Relational Maps (FRM) and the newly constructed fuzzy dynamical system (and its Neutrosophic analogue) that can analyze multi-experts opinion at a time using a single model. The issue of Vedic Mathematics involves religious politics, caste supremacy, apart from elementary a…
This book, in order to generalize the two models of fuzzy cognitive maps and neutrosophic cognitive maps, has systematically invented mathematical tools like bimatrices, trimatrices, n-matrices, bigraphs, trigraphs and n-graphs and describe some of its properties. These concepts are also extended neutrosophically in this book. Using these new tools we define fuzzy cognitive bimaps, fuzzy cognitive trimaps, fuzzy relational bimaps and fuzzy relational trimaps which exploit the new notions of bimatrices, bigraphs, trimatrices and trigraphs. It is worth mentioning that these can be extended to n-…
This book has six chapters. The first chapter gives a brief introduction about HIV/AIDS among rural women in Tamil Nadu. Chapter 2 is an analysis of the situation using fuzzy theory in general and Fuzzy Relational Maps (FRM)in particular. The FRM tool is specially chosen for two reasons: It can give the hidden pattern of the dynamical system and as the socio-economic condition of women infected with HIV/AIDS is interdependent we choose this special fuzzy tool called FRM. In Chapter 3, we use Fuzzy Associative Memories (FAM) to analyze the problem because FAM is the only fuzzy tool that can giv…
The introduction of Fuzzy Relational Equations (FREs) has made problems that were unsolvable using algebraic linear equations into solvable ones. FREs have been applied to problemsin medicine, industry, transportation and all types of social problems where the data is an unsupervised one. Yet, FREs lack the capacity to tackle problems where an element of indeterminacy is involved. This book develops the new concept of Neutrosophic Relational Equations (NREs) that have the capacity to analyze problems with indeterminacy. Here, earlier models on FREs are analyzed and new NRE models, with practic…
In this paper, the notion of the interval valued neutrosophic soft sets ($ivn-$soft sets) is defined which is a combination of an interval valued neutrosophic sets \cite{wan-05} and a soft sets \cite{mol-99}. Our $ivn-$soft sets generalizes the concept of the soft set, fuzzy soft set, interval valued fuzzy soft set, intuitionistic fuzzy soft set, interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy soft set and neutrosophic soft set. Then, we introduce some definitions and operations on $ivn-$soft sets sets. Some properties of $ivn-$soft sets which are connected to operations have been established. Also, the …
In this book we study the concepts of Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) and their Neutrosophic analogue, the Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps (NCMs).Fuzzy Cognitive Maps are fuzzy structures that strongly resemble neural networks, and they have powerful and far-reaching consequences as a mathematical tool for modeling complex systems. Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps are generalizations of FCMs, and their unique feature is the ability to handle indeterminacy in relations between two concepts thereby bringing greater sensitivity into the results. Some of the varied applications of FCMs and NCMs which has been …
Papers on neutrosophy (a generalization of dialectics), on neutrosophic logic, set, probability and statistics (generalizations of fuzzy logic, fuzzy set, and imprecise probability respectively), by Florentin Smarandache, Jean Dezert, S. Bhattacharya, Andrzej Buller, M. Khoshnevisan, S. Singh, Feng Liu, Gh. C. Dinulescu-Campina, Chris Lucas, and C. Gershenson.
This book is organized into seven chapters. Chapter one is introductory in content. The notion of neutrosophic set linear algebras and neutrosophic neutrosophic set linear algebras are introduced and their properties analysed in chapter two. Chapter three introduces the notion of neutrosophic semigroup linear algebras and neutrosophic group linear algebras. A study of their substructures are systematically carried out in this chapter. The fuzzy analogue of neutrosophic group linear algebras, neutrosophic semigroup linear algebras and neutrosophic set linear algebras are introduced in chapter f…
This book has seven chapters. The first chapter is introductory in nature and it speaks about the migrant labourers. In chapter two we use Fuzzy Cognitive Maps to analyze the socio-economic problems of HIV/AIDS infected migrant labourers in rural areas of Tamil Nadu. In chapter three we analyze the role played by the government helping these migrant labourers with HIV/AIDS and factors of migration and their vulnerability in catching HIV/AIDS. For the first time Neutrosophic Cognitive Maps are used in the study of migrant labourers who have become HIV/AIDS victims. This study is done in Chapter…
This book introduces special classes of Fuzzy and Neutrosophic matrices. These special classes of matrices are used in the construction of multi-expert special fuzzy models using FCM, FRM and FRE and their Neutorosophic analogues (simultaneous or otherwise, according to ones need). Using the six basic models, we have constructed a multi-expert multi-model called the Super Special Hexagonal Fuzzy and Neutrosophic model. Given any special input vector, these models can give the resultant using special operations. When coupled with computer programming, these operations can give the solution with…
Generally any real-world problem is not always solvable, because in that not only a percentage of uncertainty is present, but also, a certain percentage of indeterminacy is present. The presence of uncertainty has been analyzed using fuzzy logic. In this book the amount of indeterminacy is being analyzed using neutrosophic logic. Most of these models use the concept of matrices. Matrices have certain limitation; when the models are time-dependent and any two experts' opinions are being studied simultaneously, one cannot compare both of them at each stage. The new concept of bimatrices would ce…
In this paper, the concept of neutrosophic soft filter and its basic properties are introduced. Later, we set up a neutrosophic soft topology with the help of a neutrosophic soft filter. We also give the notions of the greatest lower bound and the least upper bound of the family of neutrosophic soft filters, neutrosophic soft filter subbase and neutrosophic soft filter base and explore some basic properties of them.
In this paper, we define concept of bipolar neutrosophic soft expert set. Also, its basic operations, namely complement, union and intersection. We give examples for these concepts.
In this book, the authors define several new types of soft neutrosophic algebraic structures over neutrosophic algebraic structures and we study their generalizations. These soft neutrosophic algebraic structures are basically parameterized collections of neutrosophic sub-algebraic structures of the neutrosophic algebraic structure. An important feature of this book is that the authors introduce the soft neutrosophic group ring, soft neutrosophic semigroup ring with its generalization, and soft mixed neutrosophic N-algebraic structure over neutrosophic group ring, then the neutrosophic semigro…
In this book, for the first time we introduce the notion of neutrosophic algebraic structures for groups, loops, semigroups and groupoids; and also their neutrosophic N-algebraic structures. One is fully aware of the fact that many classical theorems like Lagrange, Sylow and Cauchy have been studied only in the context of finite groups. Here we try to shift the paradigm by studying and introducing these theorems to neutrosophic semigroups, neutrosophic groupoids, and neutrosophic loops. This book has seven chapters. Chapter one provides several basic notions to make this book self-contained. C…
This book has four chapters. Chapter one is introductory in nature, for it recalls some basic definitions essential to make the book a self-contained one. Chapter two, introduces for the first time the new notion of neutrosophic rings and some special neutrosophic rings like neutrosophic ring of matrix and neutrosophic polynomial rings. Chapter three gives some new classes of neutrosophic rings like group neutrosophic rings,neutrosophic group neutrosophic rings, semigroup neutrosophic rings, S-semigroup neutrosophic rings which can be realized as a type of extension of group rings or generaliz…
In keeping with the definition that biotechnology is really no more than a name given to a set of techniques and processes, the authors apply some set of fuzzy techniques to chemical industry problems such as finding the proper proportion of raw mix to control pollution, to study flow rates, to find out the better quality of products. We use fuzzy control theory, fuzzy neural networks, fuzzy relational equations, genetic algorithms to these problems for solutions. When the solution to the problem can have certain concepts or attributes as indeterminate, the only model that can tackle such a si…
This book introduces the concept of neutrosophic bilinear algebras and their generalizations to n-linear algebras, n>2. This book has five chapters. The first chapter is introductory in nature and gives a few essential definitions and references for the reader to make use of the literature in case the reader is not thorough with the basics. The second chapter deals with different types of neutrosophic bilinear algebras and bivector spaces and proves several results analogous to linear bialgebra. In chapter three the authors introduce the notion of n-linear algebras and prove several theorems r…
The algebraic structure, linear algebra happens to be one of the subjects which yields itself to applications to several fields like coding or communication theory, Markov chains, representation of groups and graphs, Leontief economic models and so on. This book has for the first time, introduced a new algebraic structure called linear bialgebra, which is also a very powerful algebraic tool that can yield itself to applications. With the recent introduction of bimatrices (2005)we have ventured in this book to introduce new concepts like linear bialgebra and Smarandache neutrosophic linear bial…
We prove the basic trigonometric Korovkin approximation theorem for fuzzy valued functions of two variables and verify the approximation by the help of fuzzy modulus of continuity. Also, we introduce double level Fourier series of fuzzy valued functions and investigate corresponding approximation through the use of Cesàro and Abel methods of summation of infinite series.
This book introduces the concept of fuzzy super matrices and operations on them. This book will be highly useful to social scientists who wish to work with multi-expert models. Super fuzzy models using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps, Fuzzy Relational Maps, Bidirectional Associative Memories and Fuzzy Associative Memories are defined here. The authors introduce 13 multi-expert models using the notion of fuzzy supermatrices. These models are described with illustrative examples. This book has three chapters. In the first chaper, the basic concepts about super matrices and fuzzy super matrices are recalled…
Admissible orders on fuzzy numbers are total orders which refine a basic and well-known partial order on fuzzy numbers. In this work, we define an admissible order on triangular fuzzy numbers (i.e. TFN's) and study some fundamental properties with its arithmetic and their relation with this admissible order. In addition, we also introduce the concepts of average function on TFN$'s and studies a generalized structure of the vector spaces. In particular we consider the case of TFN's.
This book has seven chapters. In chapter one we give the basics needed to make this book a self contained one. Chapter two introduces the notion of interval semigroups and interval semifields and are algebraically analysed. Chapter three introduces special types of interval semirings like matrix interval semirings and interval polynomial semirings. Chapter four for the first time introduces the notion of group interval semirings, semigroup interval semirings, loop interval semirings and groupoid interval semirings and these structures are studied. Interval neutrosophic semirings are introduced…
This book has eleven chapters. Chapter one describes all types of natural class of intervals and the arithmetic operations on them. Chapter two introduces the semigroup of natural class of intervals using R or Zn and study the properties associated with them. Chapter three studies the notion of rings constructed using the natural class of intervals. Matrix theory using the special class of intervals is analyzed in chapter four of this book. Chapter five deals with polynomials using interval coefficients. New types of rings of natural intervals are introduced and studied in chapter six. The not…
This book gives the basic notions of fuzzy matrix theory and its applications to simple fuzzy models. The approach is non-traditional in order to attract many students to use this methodology in their research. The traditional approach of mathematicians has conditioned students of sociology in such a manner that they are averse to using mathematical tools. Six simple types of fuzzy models that make use of fuzzy matrices are given. These models are distinct because they are time-dependent and can even be used for statistical data. The Fuzzy Cognitive Maps models gives the hidden pattern. Fuzzy …
The authors in this book introduce the notion of special set linear algebra and special set fuzzy Linear algebra, which is an extension of the notion set linear algebra and set fuzzy linear algebra. These concepts are best suited in the application of multi expert models and cryptology. This book has five chapters. In chapter one the basic concepts about set linear algebra is given in order to make this book a self contained one. The notion of special set linear algebra and their fuzzy analogue is introduced in chapter two. In chapter three the notion of special set semigroup linear algebra is…
Graph theory has successfully used to solve a wide range of problems encountered in diverse fields such as medical sciences, neural networks, control theory, transportation, clustering analysis, expert systems, image capturing, and network security. In past few years, a number of generalizations of graph theoretical concepts have developed to model the impreciseness and uncertainties in graphical network problems. A Pythagorean fuzzy set is a powerful tool for describing the vague concepts more precisely. The Pythagorean fuzzy set-based models provide more flexibility in handling the human jud…
In this book, the authors define the new notion of set vector spaces which is the most generalized form of vector spaces. Set vector spaces make use of the least number of algebraic operations, therefore, even a non-mathematician is comfortable working with it. It is with the passage of time, that we can think of set linear algebras as a paradigm shift from linear algebras. Here, the authors have also given the fuzzy parallels of these new classes of set linear algebras. This book is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter briefly recalls some of the basic concepts in order to make this…
