We develop a unifed theory to study geometry of manifolds with different holonomy groups.
They are classified by (1) real, complex, quaternion or octonion number they are defined over and (2) being special or not. Specialty is an orientation with respect to the corresponding normed algebra A. For example, special Riemannian A-manifolds are oriented Riemannian, Calabi-Yau, Hyperkahler and G_2-manifolds respectively.
For vector bundles over such manifolds, we introduce (special) A-connections. They include holomorphic, Hermitian Yang-Mills, Anti-Self-Dual and Donaldson-Thomas connections. Similarly we introduce (special) A/2-Lagrangian submanifolds as maximally real submanifolds. They include (special) Lagrangian, complex Lagrangian, Cayley and (co-)associative submanifolds.
We also discuss geometric dualities from this viewpoint: Fourier transformations on A-geometry for flat tori and a conjectural SYZ mirror transformation from (special) A-geometry to (special) A/2-Lagrangian geometry on mirror special A-manifolds.
In this study, we give definitions and characterizations of eikonal slant helix curves, eikonal Darboux helices and non-normed eikonal Darboux helices in three dimensional Riemannian manifold 3 M . We show that every eikonal slant helix is also an eikonal Darboux helix. Furthermore, we obtain that if the curve a is a non-normed eikonal Darboux helix, then a is an eikonal slant helix if and only if k 2 +t 2 = constant, where k and t are curvature and torsion of a, respectively.
In this study, we give definitions and characterizations of eikonal slant helices, eikonal Darboux helices and non-normed eikonal Darboux helices in 3-dimensional pseudo- Riemannian manifold M . We show that every eikonal slant helix is also an eikonal Darboux helix for timelike and spacelike curves. Furthermore, we obtain that if the non-null curve a is a non-normed eikonal Darboux helix, then a is an eikonal slant helix if and only if 2 2 e 3k +e1t = constant, where k and t are curvature and torsion of a, respectively. Finally, we define null-eikonal helices, slant helices and Darboux helice…
The aim of this paper is to investigate the differential geometry of immersed surfaces in three-dimensional normed spaces from the viewpoint of affine differential geometry. We endow the surface with a useful Riemannian metric which is closely related to normal curvature, and from this we re-calculate the Minkowski Gaussian and mean curvatures. These curvatures are also re-obtained in terms of ambient affine distance functions, and as a consequence we characterize minimal surfaces as the solutions of a certain differential equation. We also investigate in which cases it is possible that the af…
Supersymmetry is deeply related to division algebras. Nonabelian Yang-Mills fields minimally coupled to massless spinors are supersymmetric if and only if the dimension of spacetime is 3, 4, 6 or 10. The same is true for the Green-Schwarz superstring. In both cases, supersymmetry relies on the vanishing of a certain trilinear expression involving a spinor field. The reason for this, in turn, is the existence of normed division algebras in dimensions 1, 2, 4 and 8: the real numbers, complex numbers, quaternions and octonions. Here we provide a self-contained account of how this works.
Several large scale networks, such as the backbone of the Internet, have been observed to behave like convex Riemannian manifolds of negative curvature. In particular, this paradigm explains the observed existence, for networks of this type, of a "congestion core" through which a surprising large fraction of the traffic transits, while this phenomenon cannot be detected by purely local criteria. In this practical situation, it is important to estimate and predict the size and location of this congestion core. In this article we reverse the point of view and, motivated by the physical problem, …
We study contractivity properties of gradient flows for functions on normed spaces or, more generally, on Finsler manifolds. Contractivity of the flows turns out to be equivalent to a new notion of convexity for the functions. This is different from the usual convexity along geodesics in non-Riemannian Finsler manifolds. As an application, we show that the heat flow on Minkowski normed spaces other than inner product spaces is not contractive with respect to the quadratic Wasserstein distance.
Starting from the four normed division algebras - the real numbers, complex numbers, quaternions and octonions - a systematic procedure gives a 3-cocycle on the Poincare Lie superalgebra in dimensions 3, 4, 6 and 10. A related procedure gives a 4-cocycle on the Poincare Lie superalgebra in dimensions 4, 5, 7 and 11. In general, an (n+1)-cocycle on a Lie superalgebra yields a "Lie n-superalgebra": that is, roughly speaking, an n-term chain complex equipped with a bracket satisfying the axioms of a Lie superalgebra up to chain homotopy. We thus obtain Lie 2-superalgebras extending the Poincare s…
Recent work applying higher gauge theory to the superstring has indicated the presence of `higher symmetry'. Infinitesimally, this is realized by a `Lie 2-superalgebra' extending the Poincare superalgebra in precisely the dimensions where the classical supersymmetric string makes sense: 3, 4, 6 and 10. In the previous paper in this series, we constructed this Lie 2-superalgebra using the normed division algebras. In this paper, we use an elegant geometric technique to integrate this Lie 2-superalgebra to a `Lie 2-supergroup' extending the Poincare supergroup in the same dimensions. Briefly, a …
By using optimal mass transport theory we prove a sharp isoperimetric inequality in ${\sf CD} (0,N)$ metric measure spaces assuming an asymptotic volume growth at infinity. Our result extends recently proven isoperimetric inequalities for normed spaces and Riemannian manifolds to a nonsmooth framework. In the case of $n$-dimensional Riemannian manifolds with nonnegative Ricci curvature, we outline an alternative proof of the rigidity result of S. Brendle (2021). As applications of the isoperimetric inequality, we establish Sobolev and Rayleigh-Faber-Krahn inequalities with explicit sharp const…
Let $F \subset \R^n$ be a closed set and $n=2$ or $n=3$. S. Ferry (1975) proved that then, for almost all $r>0$, the level set (distance sphere, $r$-boundary) $S_r(F):= \{x \in \R^n: \dist(x,F) = r\}$ is a topological $(n-1)$-dimensional manifold. This result was improved by J.H.G. Fu (1985). We show that Ferry's result is an easy consequence of the only fact that the distance function $d(x)= \dist(x,F)$ is locally DC and has no stationary point in $\R^n\setminus F$. Using this observation, we show that Ferry's (and even Fu's) result extends to sufficiently smooth normed linear spaces $X$ with…
A holonomic space $(V,H,L)$ is a normed vector space, $V$, a subgroup, $H$, of $Aut(V, \|\cdot\|)$ and a group-norm, $L$, with a convexity property. We prove that with the metric $d_L(u,v)=\inf_{a\in H}\{\sqrt{L^2(a)+\|u-av\|^2}\}$, $V$ is a metric space which is locally isometric to a Euclidean ball. Given a Sasaki-type metric on a vector bundle $E$ over a Riemannian manifold, we prove that the triplet $(E_p,Hol_p,L_p)$ is a holonomic space, where $Hol_p$ is the holonomy group and $L_p$ is the length norm defined within. The topology on $Hol_p$ given by the $L_p$ is finer than the subspace to…
From the four normed division algebras--the real numbers, complex numbers, quaternions and octonions, of dimension k=1, 2, 4 and 8, respectively--a systematic procedure gives a 3-cocycle on the Poincare superalgebra in dimensions k+2=3, 4, 6 and 10, and a 4-cocycle on the Poincare superalgebra in dimensions k+3=4, 5, 7 and 11. The existence of these cocycles follow from spinor identities that hold only in these dimensions, and which are closely related to the existence of the superstring in dimensions k+2, and the super-2-brane in dimensions k+3. In general, an (n+1)-cocycle on a Lie superalge…
We give a new notion of angle in general metric spaces; more precisely, given a triple a points $p,x,q$ in a metric space $(X,d)$, we introduce the notion of angle cone ${\angle_{pxq}}$ as being an interval ${\angle_{pxq}}:=[\angle^-_{pxq},\angle^+_{pxq}]$, where the quantities $\angle^\pm_{pxq}$ are defined in terms of the distance functions from $p$ and $q$ via a duality construction of differentials and gradients holding for locally Lipschitz functions on a general metric space. Our definition in the Euclidean plane gives the standard angle between three points and in a Riemannian manifold …
We study geometric structures arising from Hermitian forms on linear spaces over real algebras beyond the division ones. Our focus is on the dual numbers, the split-complex numbers, and the split-quaternions. The corresponding geometric structures are employed to describe the spaces of oriented geodesics in the hyperbolic plane, the Euclidean plane, and the round $2$-sphere. We also introduce a simple and natural geometric transition between these spaces. Finally, we present a projective model for the hyperbolic bidisc, that is, the Riemannian product of two hyperbolic discs.
