Let X/T be a one parameter family of canonical 3-folds and let D be a Weil divisor on it flat over T. We study the problem of when the D_t-minimal models of X_t form a family and we obtain conditions for this to happen. As an application of this we classify terminal divisorial contractions Y-->X that contract an irreducible divisor E onto a smooth curve C in the case when the general hyperplane section S of X through C is a D5 DuVal singularity.
We show that terminal 3-fold divisorial contraction to a point of index $>1$ with non-minimal discrepancy may be factored into a sequence of flips, flops and divisorial contractions to a point with minimal discrepancies.
We study Calabi--Yau 3-folds with infinitely many divisorial contractions. We also suggest a method to describe Calabi--Yau 3-folds with the infinite automorphism group.
We show that 3-fold terminal flips and divisorial contractions to a curve may be factored by a sequence of weighted blow-ups, flops, blow-downs to a locally complete intersection curve in a smooth 3-fold or divisorial contractions to a point.
We treat threefolds with divisorial contractions whose exceptional divisors contract to compound Du Val points. We prove that general elements in their anticanonical systems around the exceptional divisors have at worst Du Val singularities. As applications to classification, we describe divisorial contractions to compound A_n points, and moreover we conclude that discrepancies of divisorial contractions to compound D_n or E_n points are at most four.
We deal with a divisorial contraction in dimension 3 which contracts its exceptional divisor to a cA_1 point. We prove that any such contraction is obtained by a suitable weighted blow-up.
We deal with a divisorial contraction in dimension 3 which contracts its exceptional divisor to a smooth point. We prove that any such contraction can be obtained by a suitable weighted blow-up.
In this paper the three-dimensional divisorial contractions $f\colon Y\to (X\ni P)$ are classified provided that $\Exc f=E$ is an irreducible divisor, $f(E)=P$, the variety $Y$ has canonical singularities and $(X\ni P)$ is a toric terminal singularity.
Let C be a smooth curve on an index 1 terminal 3-fold. We investigate the existence of extremal terminal divisorial contractions Y-->X that contract an irreducible surface E to C. We consider cases in respect to the singularities of the general hypersurface section S of X through C. We completely classify such contractions in the case that S has A_i, i < 4 and D_2n for any n, type singularities.
The semistable minimal model program is a special case of the minimal model program concerning 3-folds fibred over a curve and birational morphisms preserving this structure. We classify semistable divisorial contractions which contract the exceptional divisor to a normal point of a fibre. Our results can be applied to describe compact moduli spaces of surfaces.
In this paper, we obtain a complete classification of smooth toric Fano varieties equipped with extremal contractions which contract divisors to curves for any dimension. As an application, we obtain a complete classification of smooth projective toric varieties which can be equivariantly blown-up to Fano along curves.
This paper has been withdrawn by the author. It is not true that plt blow-up of toric singularity is toric (in dimension 3 too) and the first main theorem is incorrect also. The error is in deformation argument. I am grateful to Ivan Cheltsov for discussions.
We complete the explicit study of a three-fold divisorial contraction whose exceptional divisor contracts to a point, by treating the case where the point downstairs is a singularity of index $n \ge 2$. We prove that if this singularity is of type c$A/n$ then any such contraction is a suitable weighted blow-up; and that if otherwise then the discrepancy is $1/n$ with a few exceptions. Every such exception has an example. Some exceptions allow the discrepancy to be arbitrarily large, but any contraction in this case is described as a weighted blow-up of a singularity of type c$D/2$ embedded int…
Following the first paper, we continue to study Mori extractions from singular curves centred in a smooth 3-fold. We treat the case where the divisorial extraction exists in relative codimension at most 3.
Toric Landau-Ginzburg models in threefold divisorial contractions
Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications（北京国际数学研究中心）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；National Research University, Higher School of Economics（国立研究大学高等经济大学）
In this paper, we will list up all the cases for the ray contractions of divisorial and fiber types for smooth projective varieties of dimension five. These are obtained as a corollary from the lists of n-dimensional k-th adjoint contractions f: X -> Y of the same types for k=1,2,3 and 4 (n> or =5). The lists for k=1,2 and 3 have previously been obtained in [Na], Proposition 1.2 and Theorem 1.3. The main task will be to have such a list for k=4, where one case in the list fails to show that a positive-dimensional general fiber F of f is irreducible when n>5. This assertion will, however, be pr…
In this paper, we initiate our investigation of log canonical models for the moduli space of curves with the boundary divisor $\a \d$ as we decrease $\a$ from 1 to 0. We prove that for the first critical value $\a = 9/11$, the log canonical model is isomorphic to the moduli space of pseudostable curves, which have nodes and cusps as singularities. We also show that $\a = 7/10$ is the next critical value, i.e., the log canonical model stays the same in the interval $(7/10, 9/11]$. In the appendix, we develop a theory of log canonical models of stacks that explains how these can be expressed in …
Consider a singular curve $Γ$ contained in a smooth 3-fold $X$. Assuming the general elephant conjecture, the general hypersurface section $Γ\subset S\subset X$ is Du Val. Under that assumption, this paper describes the construction of a divisorial extraction from $Γ$ by Kustin--Miller unprojection. Terminal extractions from $Γ\subset X$ are proved not to exist if $S$ is of type $D_{2k}, E_7$ or $E_8$ and are classified if $S$ is of type $A_1,A_2$ or $E_6$. The $A_n$ and $D_{2k+1}$ cases shall be considered in a further paper.
We show that 3-fold terminal flips and divisorial contractions may be factored into a sequence of flops, blow-downs to a smooth curve in a smooth 3-fold or divisorial contractions to points with minimal discrepancies.
Let X be the germ of a Gorenstein 3-fold singularity and C a smooth curve through it such that the general hyperplane section S of X containing D is DuVal of type E6 or E7. In this paper we obtain criteria for the existence of a terminal divisorial extremal neighborhood f: Y-->X contracting an irreducible divisor E onto C and classify all such neighborhoods.
We prove that every log crepant birational morphism between log terminal surfaces is decomposed into log-flopping type divisorial contraction morphisms and log blow-downs. Repeating these two kinds of contractions we reach a minimal log minimal surface from any log minimal surface.
We classify extremal divisorial contraction which contracts a divisor to a curve from a smooth fourfold. We prove the exceptional divisor is $\Bbb P^2$bundle or quadric bundle over a smooth curve and the contraction is the blowing up along the curve.
Let X be a projective variety with terminal singularities and let L be an ample Cartier divisor on X. We prove that if f is a birational contraction associated to an extremal ray $ R \subset \bar {NE(X)}$ such that R.(K_X+(n-2)L)<0, then f is a weighted blow-up of a smooth point. We then classify divisorial contractions associated to extremal rays R such that R.(K_X+rL)<0, where r is a non-negative rational number, and the fibres of f have dimension less or equal to r+1.
Let X be a smooth, complex Fano 4-fold, and rho(X) its Picard number. If X contains a prime divisor D with rho(X)-rho(D)>2, then either X is a product of del Pezzo surfaces, or rho(X)=5 or 6. In this setting, we completely classify the case where rho(X)=5; there are 6 families, among which one is new. We also deduce the classification of Fano 4-folds with rho(X)>4 with an elementary divisorial contraction sending a divisor to a curve.
A generalization of S. Mukai's conjecture says that if $X$ is a Fano $n$-fold with Picard number $ρ_X$ and pseudo-index $i_X$, then $ρ_X(i_X-1) \leq n$, with equality if and only if $X \cong (\mathbb{P}^{i_X-1})^{ρ_X}$. In this paper, we prove that this conjecture holds if $n=6$ and either $X$ admits a contraction of fiber type or $X$ admits no small contractions.
Let X be the blow-up of a smooth projective 4-fold Y along a smooth curve C and let E be the exceptional divisor. Assume that X is a Fano manifold and has an elementary extremal contraction $ϕ: X \to Z$ of (3,1)-type such that E is $ϕ$-ample (recall that a contraction map for a 4-fold is called (3,1)-type if the exceptional locus is a divisor and its image is a curve). We show that if the exceptional divisor of $ϕ$ is smooth, then Y is isomorphic to $\mathbb{P}^{4}$ and C is an elliptic curve of degree 4.
We discuss the problem of classifying birational extremal contractions of smooth threefolds where the canonical bundle is trivial along the curves contracted, in the case when a divisor is contracted to a point. We prove the analytic rigidity of the contraction in the case this divisor is normal of degree >= 5 (i.e. we show that the analytic structure of the contraction is completely determined by the isomorphism class of the exceptional locus and its normal bundle in X). This was previously known only in the case of smooth exceptional locus.
Let X be a smooth complex Fano 4-fold. We show that if X has a small elementary contraction, then the Picard number rho(X) of X is at most 12. This result is based on a careful study of the geometry of X, on which we give a lot of information. We also show that in the boundary case rho(X)=12 an open subset of X has a smooth fibration with fiber the projective line. Together with previous results, this implies if X is a Fano 4-fold with rho(X)>12, then every elementary contraction of X is divisorial and sends a divisor to a surface. The proof is based on birational geometry and the study of fam…
We study the birational geometry of a Fano 4-fold X from the point of view of Mori dream spaces; more precisely, we study rational contractions of X. Here a rational contraction is a rational map f: X-->Y, where Y is normal and projective, which factors as a finite sequence of flips, followed by a surjective morphism with connected fibers. Such f is called elementary if the difference of the Picard numbers of X and Y is 1. We first give a characterization of non-movable prime divisors in X, when X has Picard number at least 6; this is related to the study of birational and divisorial elementar…
Let f: X -> Z be a local, projective, divisorial contraction between normal varieties of dimension n with Q-factorial singularities. Let $Y \subset X$ be a f-ample Cartier divisor and assume that f|Y: Y -> W has a structure of a weighted blow-up. We prove that f: X -> Z, as well, has a structure of weighted blow-up. As an application we consider a local projective contraction f: X -> Z from a variety X with terminal Q-factorial singularities, which contracts a prime divisor E to an isolated Q-factorial singularity $P\in Z$, such that $-(K_X + (n-3)L)$ is f-ample, for a f-ample Cartier divisor …
This note discusses recent new approaches to studying flopping curves on 3-folds. In a joint paper, the author and Michael Wemyss introduced a 3-fold invariant, the contraction algebra, which may be associated to such curves. It characterises their geometric and homological properties in a unified manner, using the theory of noncommutative deformations. Toda has now clarified the enumerative significance of the contraction algebra for flopping curves, calculating its dimension in terms of Gopakumar-Vafa invariants. Before reviewing these results, and others, I give a brief introduction to the …
In this note we propose to show that the Kähler-Ricci flow fits naturally within the context of the Minimal Model Program for projective varieties. In particular we show that the flow detects, in finite time, the contraction theorem of any extremal ray and we analyze the singularities of the metric in the case of divisorial contractions for varieties of general type. In case one has a smooth minimal model of general type (i.e., the canonical bundle is nef and big), we show infinite time existence and analyze the singularities.
Let $g : X \to Y$ be the contraction of an extremal ray of a smooth projective 4-fold $X$ such that $\dim Y=3$. Then $g$ may have a finite number of 2-dimensional fibers. We shall classify those fibers. Especially we shall prove that any two points of such a fiber is joined by a chain of rational curves of length at most 2 with respect to $-K_X$, and that $|-K_X|$ is $g\text{-free}$.
We shall investigate flipping contractions from a semi-stable 4-fold $X$ whose degenerate fiber is a union of Cartier divisors which are terminal factorial 3-folds. Especially we shall prove that $X$ is smooth along the flipping locus, and that the flip exists for such contractions.
Let (X,0) be a germ of complex analytic normal variety, non-singular outside 0. An essential divisor over (X,0) is a divisorial valuation of the field of meromorphic functions on (X,0), whose center on any resolution of the germ is an irreducible component of the exceptional locus. The Nash map associates to each irreducible component of the space of arcs through 0 on X the unique essential divisor intersected by the strict transform of the generic arc in the component. Nash proved its injectivity and asked if it was bijective. We prove that this is the case if there exists a divisorial resolu…
In the present work we classify the relatively minimal 3-dimensional quasihomogeneous complex projective varieties under the assumption that the automorphism group is not solvable. By relatively minimal we understand varieties X having at most Q-factorial terminal singularities and allowing an extremal contraction X to Y, where dim Y <3.
We study (smooth, complex) Fano 4-folds X having a rational contraction of fiber type, that is, a rational map X-->Y that factors as a sequence of flips followed by a contraction of fiber type. The existence of such a map is equivalent to the existence of a non-zero, non-big movable divisor on X. Our main result is that if Y is not P^1 or P^2, then the Picard number rho(X) of X is at most 18, with equality only if X is a product of surfaces. We also show that if a Fano 4-fold X has a dominant rational map X-->Z, regular and proper on an open subset of X, with dim(Z)=3, then either X is a produ…
We introduce K3 transitions as a geometric approach to studying canonical 3-folds. These transitions link different deformation classes of canonical 3-folds via a combination of birational contractions and smoothings. As applications, we investigate some basic properties of the web of canonical 3-folds in small codimension and give an interesting example of a singularity in codimension 4 with obstructed smoothings, similar to the famous example of the affine cone over a degree 6 del Pezzo surface.
We prove that one can run the log minimal model program for log canonical $3$-fold pairs in characteristic $p>5$. In particular we prove the Cone Theorem, Contraction Theorem, the existence of flips and the existence of log minimal models for pairs with log divisor numerically equivalent to an effective divisor. These follow from our main results, which are that certain log minimal models are good.
The notion of a holomorphically symplectic manifold can be generalized to the singular one. This paper studies the birational contraction maps between symplectic varieties, and then describes the deformation of a symplectic variety which has a symplectic resolution. Some examples are also included.
The minimum of intersection numbers of the anti-canonical divisor with rational curves on a Fano manifold is called pseudo-index. It is expected that the intersection number of anti-canonical divisor attains to the minimum on an extremal ray, i.e. there exists an extremal rational curve whose intersection number with the anti-canonical divisor equals the pseudo-index. In this note, we prove this for smooth Fano 4-folds having birational contractions.
We expand the theory of log canonical $3$-fold complements. We prove that if $X\rightarrow T$ is a $3$-dimensional contraction of log Calabi-Yau type, then we can find $B\geq 0$ on $X$ for which $(X,B)$ is log canonical and $n(K_X+B)\sim_T 0$, where $n$ is an uniform natural number. This means that every $3$-fold of log Calabi-Yau type can be turned into a log Calabi-Yau pair in an effective way.
Normally one assumes isolated surface singularities to be normal. The purpose of this paper is to show that it can be useful to look at nonnormal singularities. By deforming them interesting normal singularities can be constructed, such as isolated, non Cohen-Macaulay threefold singularities. They arise by a small contraction of a smooth rational curve, whose normal bundle has a sufficiently positive subbundle. We study such singularities from their nonnormal general hyperplane section.
We prove that many of the results of the LMMP hold for $3$-folds over fields of characteristic $p>5$ which are not necessarily perfect. In particular, the existence of flips, the cone theorem, the contraction theorem for birational extremal rays, and the existence of log minimal models. As well as pertaining to the geometry of fibrations of relative dimension $3$ over algebraically closed fields, they have applications to tight closure in dimension $4$.
This paper studies the birational geometry of terminal Gorenstein Fano 3-folds. If Y is not Q-factorial, in most cases, it is possible to describe explicitly the divisor class group Cl Y by running a Minimal Model Program (MMP) on X, a small Q-factorialisation of Y. In this case, Weil non-Cartier divisors are generated by "topological traces " of K-negative extremal contractions on X. One can show, as an application of these methods, that a number of families of non-factorial terminal Gorenstein Fano 3-folds are rational. In particular, I give some examples of rational quartic hypersurfaces wi…
Two 3-fold flops are exhibited, both of which have precisely one flopping curve. One of the two flops is new, and is distinct from all known algebraic D4-flops. It is shown that the two flops are neither algebraically nor analytically isomorphic, yet their curve-counting Gopakumar-Vafa invariants are the same. We further show that the contraction algebras associated to both are not isomorphic, so the flops are distinguished at this level. This shows that the contraction algebra is a finer invariant than various curve-counting theories, and it also provides more evidence for the proposed analyt…
We shall investigate a flipping contraction g : X -> Y from a 4-fold X with at most isolated complete intersection singularities. If Y has an anti-bi-canonical divisor (=bi-elephant) with only rational singularities, then g carries an inductive structure chained up by blow-ups (La Torre Pendente), and in particular the flip exists. This naturally contains Miles Reid's `Pagoda' as an anti-canonical divisor (=elephant) and its proper transforms.
