We investigate universal bounds on spherical codes and spherical designs that could be obtained using Delsarte's linear programming methods. We give a lower estimate for the LP upper bound on codes, and an upper estimate for the LP lower bound on designs. Specifically, when the distance of the code is fixed and the dimension goes to infinity, the LP upper bound on codes is at least as large as the average of the best known upper and lower bounds. When the dimension n of the design is fixed, and the strength k goes to infinity, the LP bound on designs turns out, in conjunction with known lower bounds, to be proportional to k^{n-1}.
A complex spherical code is a finite subset on the unit sphere in $\mathbb{C}^d$. A fundamental problem on complex spherical codes is to find upper bounds for those with prescribed inner products. In this paper, we determine the irreducible decomposition under the action of the one-point stabilizer of the unitary group $U(d)$ on the polynomial ring $\mathbb{C}[z_1\ldots,z_d,\bar{z}_1,\ldots,\bar{z}_d]$ in order to obtain the semidefinite programming bounds for complex spherical codes.
A spherical three-distance set is a finite collection $X$ of unit vectors in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ such that for each pair of distinct vectors has three inner product values. We use the semidefinite programming method to improve the upper bounds of spherical three-distance sets for several dimensions. We obtain better bounds in $\mathbb{R}^7$, $\mathbb{R}^{20}$, $\mathbb{R}^{21}$, $\mathbb{R}^{23}$, $\mathbb{R}^{24}$ and $\mathbb{R}^{25}$. In particular, we prove that maximum size of spherical three-distance sets is $2300$ in $\mathbb R^{23}$.
We apply polynomial techniques (linear programming) to obtain lower and upper bounds on the covering radius of spherical designs as function of their dimension, strength, and cardinality. In terms of inner products we improve the lower bounds due to Fazekas and Levenshtein and propose new upper bounds. Our approach to the lower bounds involves certain signed measures whose corresponding series of orthogonal polynomials are positive definite up to a certain (appropriate) degree. Upper bounds are based on a geometric observation and more or less standard linear programming techniques.
We derive general linear programming bounds for spherical $(k,k)$-designs. This includes lower bounds for the minimum cardinality and lower and upper bounds for minimum and maximum energy, respectively. As applications we obtain a universal bound in sense of Levenshtein for the minimum possible cardinality of a $(k,k)$ design for fixed dimension and $k$ and corresponding optimality result. We also discuss examples and possibilities for attaining the universal bound.
We apply the semidefinite programming approach developed in arxiv:math.MG/0608426 to obtain new upper bounds for codes in spherical caps. We compute new upper bounds for the one-sided kissing number in several dimensions where we in particular get a new tight bound in dimension 8. Furthermore we show how to use the SDP framework to get analytic bounds.
We give new proofs of asymptotic upper bounds of coding theory obtained within the frame of Delsarte's linear programming method. The proofs rely on the analysis of eigenvectors of some finite-dimensional operators related to orthogonal polynomials. The examples of the method considered in the paper include binary codes, binary constant-weight codes, spherical codes, and codes in the projective spaces.
Let $A(n,d)$ (respectively $A(n,d,w)$) be the maximum possible number of codewords in a binary code (respectively binary constant-weight $w$ code) of length $n$ and minimum Hamming distance at least $d$. By adding new linear constraints to Schrijver's semidefinite programming bound, which is obtained from block-diagonalising the Terwilliger algebra of the Hamming cube, we obtain two new upper bounds on $A(n,d)$, namely $A(18,8) \leq 71$ and $A(19,8) \leq 131$. Twenty three new upper bounds on $A(n,d,w)$ for $n \leq 28$ are also obtained by a similar way.
We initiate study of the Terwilliger algebra and related semidefinite programming techniques for the conjugacy scheme of the symmetric group Sym$(n)$. In particular, we compute orbits of ordered pairs on Sym$(n)$ acted upon by conjugation and inversion, explore a block diagonalization of the associated algebra, and obtain improved upper bounds on the size $M(n,d)$ of permutation codes of lengths up to 7. For instance, these techniques detect the nonexistence of the projective plane of order six via $M(6,5)<30$ and yield a new best bound $M(7,4) \le 535$ for a challenging open case. Each of the…
We give one more proof of the first linear programming bound for binary codes, following the line of work initiated by Friedman and Tillich. The new argument is somewhat similar to previous proofs, but we believe it to be both simpler and more intuitive. Moreover, it provides the following 'geometric' explanation for the bound. A binary code with minimal distance $δn$ is small because the projections of the characteristic functions of its elements on the subspace spanned by the Walsh-Fourier characters of weight up to $\left(\frac 12 - \sqrt{δ(1-δ)}\right) \cdot n$ are essentially independent.…
In his Ph.D. disseration, Feldman and his collaborators define the linear programming decoder for binary linear codes, which is a linear programming relaxation of the maximum-likelihood decoding problem. This decoder does not, in general, attain maximum-likelihood performance; however, the source of this discrepancy is known to be the presence of non-integral extreme points (vertices) within the fundamental polytope, vectors which are also called nontrivial linear programming pseudocodewords. Restricting to the class of cycle codes, we provide necessary conditions for a vector to be a linear p…
Universal optimality of $T$-avoiding spherical codes and designs
Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences（保加利亚科学院数学与信息学研究所）；Department of Mathematical Sciences, Purdue University Fort Wayne（普渡大学韦恩堡分校数理科学学院）
In a previous study, we presented a construction of spherical 3-designs. In the current study, using this construction, we present new optimal antipodal spherical codes in the space of spherical harmonics. Our construction is a generalization of Bondarenko's work.
Delsarte, Goethals, and Seidel (1977) used the linear programming method in order to find bounds for the size of spherical codes endowed with prescribed inner products between distinct points in the code. In this paper, we develop the linear programming method to obtain bounds for the number of vertices of connected regular graphs endowed with given distinct eigenvalues. This method is proved by some "dual" technique of the spherical case, motivated from the theory of association scheme. As an application of this bound, we prove that a connected $k$-regular graph satisfying $g>2d-1$ has the mi…
For $n,d,w \in \mathbb{N}$, let $A(n,d,w)$ denote the maximum size of a binary code of word length $n$, minimum distance $d$ and constant weight $w$. Schrijver recently showed using semidefinite programming that $A(23,8,11)=1288$, and the second author that $A(22,8,11)=672$ and $A(22,8,10)=616$. Here we show uniqueness of the codes achieving these bounds. Let $A(n,d)$ denote the maximum size of a binary code of word length $n$ and minimum distance $d$. Gijswijt, Mittelmann and Schrijver showed that $A(20,8)=256$. We show that there are several nonisomorphic codes achieving this bound, and clas…
We present an extension of the Delsarte linear programming method. For several dimensions it yields improved upper bounds for kissing numbers and for spherical codes. Musin's recent work on kissing numbers in dimensions three and four can be viewed in our framework.
We derive upper bounds for the potential energy of spherical designs of cardinality close to the Delsarte-Goethals-Seidel bound. These bounds are obtained by linear programming with the use of the Hermite interpolating polynomial of the potential function in suitable nodes. Numerical computations show that the results are quite close to certain lower energy bounds confirming that spherical designs are, in a sense, energy efficient. \end{abstract}
We introduce a linear programming method to obtain bounds on the cardinality of codes in Grassmannian spaces for the chordal distance. We obtain explicit bounds, and an asymptotic bound that improves on the Hamming bound. Our approach generalizes the approach originally developed by P. Delsarte and Kabatianski-Levenshtein for compact two-point homogeneous spaces.
Delsarte's method and its extensions allow to consider the upper bound problem for codes in 2-point-homogeneous spaces as a linear programming problem with perhaps infinitely many variables, which are the distance distribution. We show that using as variables power sums of distances this problem can be considered as a finite semidefinite programming problem. This method allows to improve some linear programming upper bounds. In particular we obtain new bounds of one-sided kissing numbers.
Ahlswede and Katona (1977) posed the following isodiametric problem in Hamming spaces: For every $n$ and $1\le M\le2^{n}$, determine the minimum average Hamming distance of binary codes with length $n$ and size $M$. Fu, Wei, and Yeung (2001) used linear programming duality to derive a lower bound on the minimum average distance. However, their linear programming approach was not completely exploited. In this paper, we improve Fu-Wei-Yeung's bound by finding a better feasible solution to their dual program. For fixed $0<a\le1/2$ and for $M=\left\lceil a2^{n}\right\rceil $, our feasible solution…
In this paper, we study skew-symmetric $2$-$\{v;r,k;λ\}$ supplementary difference sets related to a certain class of complex spherical 2-codes. A classification of such supplementary difference sets is complete for $v \le 51$.
Mutually unbiased weighing matrices (MUWM) are closely related to an antipodal spherical code with 4 angles. In the present paper, we clarify the relationship between MUWM and the spherical sets, and give the complete solution about the maximum size of a set of MUWM of weight 4 for any order. Moreover we describe some natural generalization of a set of MUWM from the viewpoint of spherical codes, and determine several maximum sizes of the generalized sets. They include an affirmative answer of the problem of Best, Kharaghani, and Ramp.
An $L$-spherical code is a set of Euclidean unit vectors whose pairwise inner products belong to the set $L$. We show, for a fixed $α,β>0$, that the size of any $[-1,-β]\cup\{α\}$-spherical code is at most linear in the dimension. In particular, this bound applies to sets of lines such that every two are at a fixed angle to each another.
A set $C$ of unit vectors in $\mathbb{R}^d$ is called an $L$-spherical code if $x \cdot y \in L$ for any distinct $x,y$ in $C$. Spherical codes have been extensively studied since their introduction in the 1970's by Delsarte, Goethals and Seidel. In this note we prove a conjecture of Bukh on the maximum size of spherical codes. In particular, we show that for any set of $k$ fixed angles, one can choose at most $O(d^k)$ lines in $\mathbb{R}^d$ such that any pair of them forms one of these angles.
A finite set $X$ in a complex sphere is called a complex spherical $2$-code if the number of inner products between two distinct vectors in $X$ is equal to $2$. In this paper, we characterize the tight complex spherical $2$-codes by doubly regular tournaments, or skew Hadamard matrices. We also give certain maximal 2-codes relating to skew-symmetric $D$-optimal designs. To prove them, we show the smallest embedding dimension of a tournament into a complex sphere by the multiplicity of the smallest or second-smallest eigenvalue of the Seidel matrix.
We recover the first linear programming bound of McEliece, Rodemich, Rumsey, and Welch for binary error-correcting codes and designs via a covering argument. It is possible to show, interpreting the following notions appropriately, that if a code has a large distance, then its dual has a small covering radius and, therefore, is large. This implies the original code to be small. We also point out (in conjunction with further work) that this bound is a natural isoperimetric constant of the Hamming cube, related to its Faber-Krahn minima. While our approach belongs to the general framework of Del…
For nonnegative integers $n,d,w$, let $A(n,d,w)$ be the maximum size of a code $C \subseteq \mathbb{F}_2^n$ with constant weight $w$ and minimum distance at least $d$. We consider two semidefinite programs based on quadruples of code words that yield several new upper bounds on $A(n,d,w)$. The new upper bounds imply that $A(22,8,10)=616$ and $A(22,8,11)=672$. Lower bounds on $A(22,8,10)$ and $A(22,8,11)$ are obtained from the $(n,d)=(22,7)$ shortened Golay code of size $2048$. It can be concluded that the shortened Golay code is a union of constant weight $w$ codes of sizes $A(22,8,w)$.
Real spherical designs and real and complex projective designs have been shown by Delsarte, Goethals, and Seidel to give rise to association schemes when the strength of the design is high compared to its degree as a code. In contrast, designs on the complex unit sphere remain relatively uninvestigated, despite their importance in numerous applications. In this paper we develop the notion of a complex spherical design and show how many such designs carry the structure of an association scheme. In contrast with the real spherical designs and the real and complex projective designs, these associ…
Using Barnes-Wall lattices and 1-cocycles on finite groups of monomial matrices, we give a procedure to construct tricosine spherical codes. This was inspired by a 14-dimensional code which Ballinger, Cohn, Giansiracusa and Morris discovered in studies of the universally optimal property. It has 64 vectors and cosines $-3/7, -1/7, 1/7$. We construct the {\it Optimism Code}, a 4-cosine spherical code with 256 unit vectors in 16-dimensions. The cosines are $0, 1/4, -1/4, -1$. Its automorphism group has shape $2^{1+8}{\cdot}GL(4,2)$. The Optimism Code contains a subcode related to the BCGM code. …
This PhD thesis is concerned with SDP bounds for codes: upper bounds for (non)-binary error correcting codes and lower bounds for (non)-binary covering codes. The methods are based on the method of Schrijver that uses triple distances in stead of pairs as in the classical Delsarte bound. The main topics discussed are: 1) Block-diagonalisation of matrix *-algebras, 2) Terwilliger-algebra of the nonbinary Hamming scheme (including an explicit block-diagonalisation), 3) SDP-bounds for (nonbinary) error-correcting codes and covering codes (including computational results), 4) Discussion on the rel…
We show that $A_2(7,4) \leq 388$ and, more generally, $A_q(7,4) \leq (q^2-q+1)[7]_q + q^4 - 2q^3 + 3q^2 - 4q + 4$ by semidefinite programming for $q \leq 101$. Furthermore, we extend results by Bachoc et al. on SDP bounds for $A_2(n,d)$, where $d$ is odd and $n$ is small, to $A_q(n,d)$ for small $q$ and small $n$.
We prove a lower bound of $Ω(d^{3/2} \cdot (2/\sqrt{3})^d)$ on the kissing number in dimension $d$. This improves the classical lower bound of Chabauty, Shannon, and Wyner by a linear factor in the dimension. We obtain a similar linear factor improvement to the best known lower bound on the maximal size of a spherical code of acute angle $θ$ in high dimensions.
On $T$-avoiding spherical codes and designs in $\mathbb{R}^{32}$
Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences（保加利亚科学院数学与计算机科学研究所）；Purdue University Fort Wayne（普渡大学韦恩堡分校）；Fayetteville State University（费耶特维尔州立大学）
Let $X$ be a finite set in a complex sphere of $d$ dimension. Let $D(X)$ be the set of usual inner products of two distinct vectors in $X$. A set $X$ is called a complex spherical $s$-code if the cardinality of $D(X)$ is $s$ and $D(X)$ contains an imaginary number. We would like to classify the largest possible $s$-codes for given dimension $d$. In this paper, we consider the problem for the case $s=3$. Roy and Suda (2014) gave a certain upper bound for the cardinalities of $3$-codes. A $3$-code $X$ is said to be tight if $X$ attains the bound. We show that there exists no tight $3$-code excep…
