In a recent publication, it was shown that a large class of integrals over the unitary group U(n) satisfy difference equations over $n$, involving a finite number of steps; special cases are generating functions appearing in questions of longest increasing subsequences in random permutations and words. The main result of the paper states that these difference equations have the \emph{discrete Painlevé property}; roughly speaking, this means that, after a finite number of steps, the solution to these difference equations may develop a pole (Laurent solution), depending on the maximal number of free parameters, and immediately after be finite again (``\emph{singularity confinement}''). The technique used in the proof is based on an intimate relationship between the difference equations (discrete time) and the Toeplitz lattice (continuous time differential equations); the point is that the ``Painlevé property'' for the discrete relations is inherited from the ``Painlevé property'' of the (continuous) Toeplitz lattice.
Using the interpretation of the ultradiscretization procedure as a non-Archimedean valuation, we use results of tropical geometry to show how roots and poles manifest themselves in piece-wise linear systems as points of non-differentiability. This will allow us to demonstrate a correspondence between singularity confinement for discrete integrable systems and ultradiscrete singularity confinement for ultradiscrete integrable systems.
In this paper we present a rigorous method for deciding whether a birational three point mapping that has the singularity confinement property is integrable or not, based only on the structure of its (confined) singularity patterns. We also explain how the exact value of the dynamical degree for such a mapping may be deduced from the singularity patterns.
We present a new approach to singularity confinement which makes it an efficient and reliable discrete integrability detector. Our method is based on the full-deautonomisation procedure, which consists in analysing non-autonomous extensions of a given discrete system obtained by adding terms that are initially absent, but whose presence does not alter the singularity pattern. A justification for this approach is given through an algebro-geometric analysis. We also introduce the notions of early and late confinement. While the former is a confinement that may exist already for the autonomous sy…
We study singularity confinement phenomena in examples of delay-differential Painlevé equations, which involve shifts and derivatives with respect to a single independent variable. We propose a geometric interpretation of our results in terms of mappings between jet spaces, defining certain singularities analogous to those of interest in the singularity analysis of discrete systems, and what it means for them to be confined. For three previously studied examples of delay-differential Painlevé equations, we describe all such singularities and show they are confined in the sense of our geometric…
The `deautonomisation' of an integrable mapping of the plane consists in treating the free parameters in the mapping as functions of the independent variable, the precise expressions of which are to be determined with the help of a suitable criterion for integrability. Standard practice is to use the singularity confinement criterion and to require that singularities be confined at the very first opportunity. An algebro-geometrical analysis will show that confinement at a later stage invariably leads to a nonintegrable deautonomized system, thus justifying the standard singularity confinement …
We present a novel way to apply the singularity confinement property as a discrete integrability criterion. We shall use what we call a full deautonomisation approach, which consists in treating the free parameters in the mapping as functions of the independent variable, applied to a mapping complemented with terms that are absent in the original mapping but which do not change the singularity structure. We shall show, on a host of examples including the well-known mapping of Hietarinta-Viallet, that our approach offers a way to compute the algebraic entropy for these mappings exactly, thereby…
We proposed, in our previous paper, to characterize the Hirota-Miwa equation by means of the theory of triangulated category. We extend our argument in this paper to support the idea. In particular we show in detail how the singularity confinement, a phenomenon which was proposed to characterize integrable maps, can be associated with the projective resolution of the triangulated category.
In our previous work we have shown that the invariant varieties of periodic points (IVPP) of all periods of the 3 dimensional Lotka-Volterra map can be derived, iteratively, from the singularity confinement (SC). The method developed there can be applied to any integrable maps of dimension $d$ only when the number of the invariants $p$ equals to $d-1$. We propose, in this note, a new algorithm of the derivation which can be used in the cases ${d\over 2}\le p\le d-2$. Applying this algorithm to the 3 point Toda map, we derive a series of its IVPP's.
We study the analytic properties of a matrix discrete system introduced in [7]. The singularity confinement for this system is shown to hold generically, i.e. in the whole space of parameters except possibly for algebraic subvarieties. This paves the way to a generalization of Painleve analysis to discrete matrix models.
We present a quasi-integrable two-dimensional lattice equation: i.e., a partial difference equation which satisfies a criterion of integrability, singularity confinement, although it has a chaotic aspect in the sense that the degrees of its iterates exhibit exponential growth. By systematic reduction to one-dimensional systems, it gives a hierarchy of ordinary difference equations with confined singularities, but with positive algebraic entropy including a generalized form of the Hietarinta-Viallet mapping. We believe that this is the first example of such quasi-integrable equations defined ov…
In this paper matrix orthogonal polynomials in the real line are described in terms of a Riemann--Hilbert problem. This approach provides an easy derivation of discrete equations for the corresponding matrix recursion coefficients. The discrete equation is explicitly derived in the matrix Freud case, associated with matrix quartic potentials. It is shown that, when the initial condition and the measure are simultaneously triangularizable, this matrix discrete equation possesses the singularity confinement property, independently if the solution under consideration is given by recursion coeffic…
We classify the self-adjoint realisations of the Laplace-Beltrami operator minimally defined on an infinite cylinder equipped with an incomplete Riemannian metric of Grushin type, in the class of metrics yielding an infinite deficiency index. Such realisations are naturally interpreted as Hamiltonians governing the geometric confinement of a Schrödinger quantum particle away from the singularity, or the dynamical transmission across the singularity. In particular, we characterise all physically meaningful extensions qualified by explicit local boundary conditions at the singularity. Within our…
We derive the discrete Painlevé equations associated to the affine Weyl group E$_8^{(1)}$ that can be represented by an (in the QRT sense) "asymmetric" trihomographic system. The method used in this paper is based on singularity confinement. We start by obtaining all possible singularity patterns for a general asymmetric trihomographic system and discard those patterns which cannot lead to confined singularities. Working with the remaining ones we implement the confinement conditions and derive the corresponding discrete Painlevé equations, which involve two variables. By eliminating either of…
We describe the various types of singularities that can arise for second order rational mappings and we discuss the historical and present-day, practical, role the singularity confinement property plays as an integrability detector. In particular, we show how singularity analysis can be used to calculate explicitly the dynamical degree for such mappings.
The discrete KdV (dKdV) equation, the pinnacle of discrete integrability, is often thought to possess the singularity confinement property because it confines on an elementary quadrilateral. Here we investigate the singularity structure of the dKdV equation through reductions of the equation, obtained for initial conditions on a staircase with height 1, and show that it is much more subtle than one might assume. We first study the singularities for the mappings obtained after reduction and contrast these with the singularities that arise in non-integrable generalizations of those mappings. We …
Birational toggling on Gelfand-Tsetlin patterns appeared first in the study of geometric crystals and geometric Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence. Based on these birational toggle relations, Einstein and Propp introduced a discrete dynamical system called birational rowmotion associated with a partially ordered set. We generalize birational rowmotion to the class of arbitrary strongly connected directed graphs, calling the resulting discrete dynamical system the $R$-system. We study its integrability from the points of view of singularity confinement and algebraic entropy. We show that i…
We examine whether the Painlevé property is a necessary condition for the integrability of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We show that for a large class of linearisable systems this is not the case. In the discrete domain, we investigate whether the singularity confinement property is satisfied for the discrete analogues of the non-Painlevé continuous linearisable systems. We find that while these discrete systems are themselves linearisable, they possess nonconfined singularities.
We introduce a series of discrete mappings, which is considered to be an extension of the Hietarinta-Viallet mapping with one parameter. We obtain the algebraic entropy for this mapping by obtaining the recurrence relation for the degrees of the iterated mapping. For some parameter values the mapping has a confined singularity, in which case the mapping is equivalent to a recurrence relation between irreducible polynomials. For other parameter values, the mapping does not pass the singularity confinement test. The properties of irreducibility and co-primeness of the terms play crucial roles in…
We study the singularities of a modified lattice Korteweg-deVries (KdV) equation and show that it admits three families of singularities, with analogous properties to those found in the lattice KdV equation. The first family consists of localised singularities which can occupy an arbitrarily large domain but which are, nevertheless, always confined. The second family consists of one or more lines extending all the way from the south-west to the north-east on the plane, involving a single finite value that depends on the parameter that appears in the equation. We argue that the infinite extent …
We study the structure of singularities in the discrete Korteweg-deVries (d-KdV) equation. Four different types of singularities are identified. The first type corresponds to localised, `confined', singularities, the confinement constraints for which provide the integrability conditions for generalisations of d-KdV. Two other types of singularities are of infinite extent and consist of oblique lines of infinities, possibly alternating with lines of zeros. The fourth type of singularity corresponds to horizontal strips where the product of the values on vertically adjacent points is equal to 1.…
We investigate the discrete Painleve II equation over finite fields. We treat it over local fields and observe that it has a property that is similar to the good reduction over finite fields. We can use this property, which seems to be an arithmetic analogue of singularity confinement, to avoid the indeterminacy of the equations over finite fields and to obtain special solutions from those defined originally over fields of characteristic zero.
We apply the 'almost good reduction' (AGR) criterion, which has been introduced in our previous (arXiv:1206.4456 and arXiv:1209.0223), to several classes of discrete integrable equations. We verify our conjecture that AGR plays the same role for maps of the plane define over simple finite fields as the notion of the singularity confinement does. We first prove that q-discrete analogues of the Painlevé III and IV equations have AGR. We next prove that the Hietarinta-Viallet equation, a non-integrable chaotic system also has AGR.
We reformulate the singularity confinement of the discrete Toda equation. We prove the co-primeness property, which has been introduced in our previous paper (arXiv:1311.0060) as one of the integrability criteria, for the discrete Toda equation. We study three types of boundary conditions (semi-infinite, molecule, periodic) for the discrete Toda equation, and prove that the same co-primeness property holds for all the types of boundaries. (v2: typos corrected, final version to appear in J. Math. Phys.)
We study the distribution of singularities for partial difference equations, in particular, the bilinear and nonlinear form of the discrete version of the Korteweg-de Vries (dKdV) equation. By the Laurent property, the irreducibility, and the co-primeness of the terms of the bilinear dKdV equation, we clarify the relationship of these properties with the appearance of zeros in the time evolution. The results are applied to the nonlinear dKdV equation and we formulate the famous integrability criterion (singularity confinement test) for nonlinear partial difference equations with respect to the…
We examine whether the Painleve property is necessary for the integrability of partial differential equations (PDEs). We show that in analogy to what happens in the case of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) there exists a class of PDEs, integrable through linearisation, which do not possess the Painleve property. The same question is addressed in a discrete setting where we show that there exist linearisable lattice equations which do not possess the singularity confinement property (again in analogy to the one-dimensional case).
We introduce a class of recursions defined over the $d$-dimensional integer lattice. The discrete equations we study are interpreted as higher dimensional extensions to the discrete Toda lattice equation. We shall prove that the equations satisfy the coprimeness property, which is one of integrability detectors analogous to the singularity confinement test. While the degree of their iterates grows exponentially, their singularities exhibit a nature similar to that of integrable systems in terms of the coprimeness property. We also prove that the equations can be expressed as mutations of a see…
An alternate form of discrete potential Boussinesq equation is proposed and its multisoliton solutions are constructed. An ultradiscrete potential Boussinesq equation is also obtained from the discrete potential Boussinesq equation using the ultradiscretization technique. The detail of the multisoliton solutions is discussed by using the reduction technique. The lattice potential Boussinesq equation derived by Nijhoff et al. is also investigated by using the singularity confinement test. The relation between the proposed alternate discrete potential Boussinesq equation and the lattice potentia…
We study the Laurent property, the irreducibility and co-primeness of discrete integrable and non-integrable equations. First we study a discrete integrable equation related to the Somos-4 sequence, and also a non-integrable equation as a comparison. We prove that the conditions of irreducibility and co-primeness hold only in the integrable case. Next, we generalize our previous results on the singularities of the discrete Korteweg-de Vries (dKdV) equation. In our previous paper (arXiv:1311.0060), we described the singularity confinement test (one of the integrability criteria) using the Laure…
We consider a one-parameter family of third order nonlinear recurrence relations. Each member of this family satisfies the singularity confinement test, has a conserved quantity, and moreover has the Laurent property: all of the iterates are Laurent polynomials in the initial data. However, we show that these recurrences are not Diophantine integrable according to the definition proposed by Halburd. Explicit bounds on the asymptotic growth of the heights of iterates are obtained for a special choice of initial data. As a by-product of our analysis, infinitely many solutions are found for a cer…
We study a new quintic discrete nonlinear Schrödinger (QDNLS) equation which reduces naturally to an interesting symmetric difference equation of the form $ϕ_{n+1}+ϕ_{n-1}=F(ϕ_n)$. Integrability of the symmetric mapping is checked by singularity confinement criteria and growth properties. Some new exact localized solutions for integrable cases are presented for certain sets of parameters. Although these exact localized solutions represent only a small subset of the large variety of possible solutions admitted by the QDNLS equation, those solutions presented here are the first example of exact …
