For a stationary additive Gaussian-noise channel with a rational noise power spectrum of a finite-order $L$, we derive two new results for the feedback capacity under an average channel input power constraint. First, we show that a very simple feedback-dependent Gauss-Markov source achieves the feedback capacity, and that Kalman-Bucy filtering is optimal for processing the feedback. Based on these results, we develop a new method for optimizing the channel inputs for achieving the Cover-Pombra block-length-$n$ feedback capacity by using a dynamic programming approach that decomposes the computation into $n$ sequentially identical optimization problems where each stage involves optimizing $O(L^2)$ variables. Second, we derive the explicit maximal information rate for stationary feedback-dependent sources. In general, evaluating the maximal information rate for stationary sources requires solving only a few equations by simple non-linear programming. For first-order autoregressive and/or moving average (ARMA) noise channels, this optimization admits a closed form maximal information rate formula. The maximal information rate for stationary sources is a lower bound on the feedback capacity, and it equals the feedback capacity if the long-standing conjecture, that stationary sources achieve the feedback capacity, holds.
We consider the problem of characterizing network capacity in the presence of adversarial errors on network links,focusing in particular on the effect of low-capacity feedback links cross network cuts.
We propose two coding schemes for discrete memoryless broadcast channels (DMBCs) with rate-limited feedback from only one receiver. For any positive feedback rate and for the class of strictly less-noisy DMBCs, our schemes strictly improve over the no-feedback capacity region.
In this paper we derive closed-form formulas of feedback capacity and nonfeedback achievable rates, for Additive Gaussian Noise (AGN) channels driven by nonstationary autoregressive moving average (ARMA) noise (with unstable one poles and zeros), based on time-invariant feedback codes and channel input distributions. From the analysis and simulations follows the surprising observations, (i) the use of time-invariant channel input distributions gives rise to multiple regimes of capacity that depend on the parameters of the ARMA noise, which may or may not use feedback, (ii) the more unstable th…
In this work we find the capacity of a compound finite-state channel with time-invariant deterministic feedback. The model we consider involves the use of fixed length block codes. Our achievability result includes a proof of the existence of a universal decoder for the family of finite-state channels with feedback. As a consequence of our capacity result, we show that feedback does not increase the capacity of the compound Gilbert-Elliot channel. Additionally, we show that for a stationary and uniformly ergodic Markovian channel, if the compound channel capacity is zero without feedback then …
The adaptive zero-error capacity of discrete memoryless channels (DMC) with noiseless feedback has been shown to be positive whenever there exists at least one channel output "disprover", i.e. a channel output that cannot be reached from at least one of the inputs. Furthermore, whenever there exists a disprover, the adaptive zero-error capacity attains the Shannon (small-error) capacity. Here, we study the zero-error capacity of a DMC when the channel feedback is noisy rather than perfect. We show that the adaptive zero-error capacity with noisy feedback is lower bounded by the forward channel…
This article studies the zero-error feedback capacity of {\em causal} discrete channels with memory. First, by extending the classical zero-error feedback capacity concept, a new notion of {\em uniform zero-error feedback capacity} $ C_{0f} $ for such channels is introduced. Using this notion a tight condition for {bounded} stabilization of unstable {noisy} linear systems via causal channels is obtained, assuming no {channel} state information at either end of the channel.
In this paper, we propose an approach to numerically compute the feedback capacity of stationary finite dimensional Gaussian channels and construct (arbitrarily close to) capacity-achieving feedback codes. In particular, we first extend the interpretation of feedback communication over stationary finite dimensional Gaussian channels as feedback control systems by showing that, the problem of finding stabilizing feedback controllers with maximal reliable transmission rate over Youla parameters coincides with the problem of finding strictly causal filters to achieve feedback capacity derived in …
We investigate if feedback can increase the capacity of an energy harvesting communication channel where a transmitter powered by an exogenous energy arrival process and equipped with a finite battery communicates to a receiver over a memoryless channel. For a simple special case where the energy arrival process is deterministic and the channel is a BEC, we explicitly compute the feed-forward and feedback capacities and show that feedback can strictly increase the capacity of this channel. Building on this example, we also show that feedback can increase the capacity when the energy arrivals a…
We provide a counterexample to Cover's conjecture that the feedback capacity $C_\textrm{FB}$ of an additive Gaussian noise channel under power constraint $P$ be no greater than the nonfeedback capacity $C$ of the same channel under power constraint $2P$, i.e., $C_\textrm{FB}(P) \le C(2P)$.
A coding scheme for the discrete memoryless broadcast channel with {noiseless, noisy, generalized} feedback is proposed, and the associated achievable region derived. The scheme is based on a block-Markov strategy combining the Marton scheme and a lossy version of the Gray-Wyner scheme with side-information. In each block the transmitter sends fresh data and update information that allows the receivers to improve the channel outputs observed in the previous block. For a generalization of Dueck's broadcast channel our scheme achieves the noiseless-feedback capacity, which is strictly larger tha…
We establish that the feedback capacity of the trapdoor channel is the logarithm of the golden ratio and provide a simple communication scheme that achieves capacity. As part of the analysis, we formulate a class of dynamic programs that characterize capacities of unifilar finite-state channels. The trapdoor channel is an instance that admits a simple analytic solution.
The Schalkwijk-Kailath (SK) scheme, which achieves the capacity of the point-to-point white Gaussian channel with feedback, is secure by itself and also achieves the secrecy capacity of the Gaussian wiretap channel with feedback, i.e., the SK scheme is a self-secure capacity-achieving (SSCA) feedback scheme for the Gaussian wiretap channel. For the multi-user wiretap channels, recently, it has been shown that Ozarow's capacity-achieving feedback scheme for the two-user Gaussian multiple-access channel (GMAC) is the SSCA feedback scheme for the two-user Gaussian multiple-access wiretap channel …
We consider the feedback capacity of a MIMO channel whose channel output is given by a linear state-space model driven by the channel inputs and a Gaussian process. The generality of our state-space model subsumes all previous studied models such as additive channels with colored Gaussian noise, and channels with an arbitrary dependence on previous channel inputs or outputs. The main result is a computable feedback capacity expression that is given as a convex optimization problem subject to a detectability condition. We demonstrate the capacity result on the auto-regressive Gaussian noise cha…
In this paper, the k-th order autoregressive moving average (ARMA(k)) Gaussian wiretap channel with noiseless causal feedback is considered, in which an eavesdropper receives noisy observations of the signals in both forward and feedback channels. It is shown that a variant of the generalized Schalkwijk-Kailath scheme, a capacity-achieving coding scheme for the feedback Gaussian channel, achieves the same maximum rate for the same channel with the presence of an eavesdropper. Therefore, the secrecy capacity is equal to the feedback capacity without the presence of an eavesdropper for the feedb…
In this paper, we study the zero-error capacity for finite state channels with feedback when channel state information is known to both the transmitter and the receiver. We prove that the zero-error capacity in this case can be obtained through the solution of a dynamic programming problem. Each iteration of the dynamic programming provides lower and upper bounds on the zero-error capacity, and in the limit, the lower bound coincides with the zero-error feedback capacity. Furthermore, a sufficient condition for solving the dynamic programming problem is provided through a fixed-point equation.…
We introduce a general framework for treating channels with memory and feedback. First, we generalize Massey's concept of directed information and use it to characterize the feedback capacity of general channels. Second, we present coding results for Markov channels. This requires determining appropriate sufficient statistics at the encoder and decoder. Third, a dynamic programming framework for computing the capacity of Markov channels is presented. Fourth, it is shown that the average cost optimality equation (ACOE) can be viewed as an implicit single-letter characterization of the capacity.…
We characterize the capacity region to within log{2(M-1)} bits/s/Hz for the M-transmitter K-receiver Gaussian multicast channel with feedback where each receiver wishes to decode every message from the M transmitters. Extending Cover-Leung's achievable scheme intended for (M,K)=(2,1), we show that this generalized scheme achieves the cutset-based outer bound within log{2(M-1)} bits per transmitter for all channel parameters. In contrast to the capacity in the non-feedback case, the feedback capacity improves upon the naive intersection of the feedback capacities of K individual multiple access…
A class of burst noise-erasure channels which incorporate both errors and erasures during transmission is studied. The channel, whose output is explicitly expressed in terms of its input and a stationary ergodic noise-erasure process, is shown to have a so-called "quasi-symmetry" property under certain invertibility conditions. As a result, it is proved that a uniformly distributed input process maximizes the channel's block mutual information, resulting in a closed-form formula for its non-feedback capacity in terms of the noise-erasure entropy rate and the entropy rate of an auxiliary erasur…
The capacity of stationary additive Gaussian noise channels with feedback is characterized as the solution to a variational problem. Toward this end, it is proved that the optimal feedback coding scheme is stationary. When specialized to the first-order autoregressive moving-average noise spectrum, this variational characterization yields a closed-form expression for the feedback capacity. In particular, this result shows that the celebrated Schalkwijk--Kailath coding scheme achieves the feedback capacity for the first-order autoregressive moving-average Gaussian channel, resolving a long-stan…
In this paper, we study the impact of different channel output feedback architectures on the capacity of the two-user interference channel. For a two-user interference channel, a feedback link can exist between receivers and transmitters in 9 canonical architectures (see Fig. 2), ranging from only one feedback link to four feedback links. We derive the exact capacity region for the symmetric deterministic interference channel and the constant-gap capacity region for the symmetric Gaussian interference channel for all of the 9 architectures. We show that for a linear deterministic symmetric int…
The feedback capacity of additive stationary Gaussian noise channels is characterized as the solution to a variational problem. Toward this end, it is proved that the optimal feedback coding scheme is stationary. When specialized to the first-order autoregressive moving average noise spectrum, this variational characterization yields a closed-form expression for the feedback capacity. In particular, this result shows that the celebrated Schalkwijk-Kailath coding scheme achieves the feedback capacity for the first-order autoregressive moving average Gaussian channel, positively answering a long…
The capacity region of the N-sender Gaussian multiple access channel with feedback is not known in general. This paper studies the class of linear-feedback codes that includes (nonlinear) nonfeedback codes at one extreme and the linear-feedback codes by Schalkwijk and Kailath, Ozarow, and Kramer at the other extreme. The linear-feedback sum-capacity C_L(N,P) under symmetric power constraints P is characterized, the maximum sum-rate achieved by linear-feedback codes when each sender has the equal block power constraint P. In particular, it is shown that Kramer's code achieves this linear-feedba…
In this paper, we propose capacity-achieving communication schemes for Gaussian finite-state Markov channels (FSMCs) subject to an average channel input power constraint, under the assumption that the transmitters can have access to delayed noiseless output feedback as well as instantaneous or delayed channel state information (CSI). We show that the proposed schemes reveals connections between feedback communication and feedback control.
It is known that for a discrete channel with correlated additive noise, the ordinary capacity with or without feedback both equal $ \log q-\mathcal{H} (Z) $, where $ \mathcal{H}(Z) $ is the entropy rate of the noise process $ Z $ and $ q $ is the alphabet size. In this paper, a class of finite-state additive noise channels is introduced. It is shown that the zero-error feedback capacity of such channels is either zero or $C_{0f} =\log q -h (Z) $, where $ h (Z) $ is the {\em topological entropy} of the noise process. A topological condition is given when the zero-error capacity is zero, with or…
We consider a unit memory channel, called Binary State Symmetric Channel (BSSC), in which the channel state is the modulo2 addition of the current channel input and the previous channel output. We derive closed form expressions for the capacity and corresponding channel input distribution, of this BSSC with and without feedback and transmission cost. We also show that the capacity of the BSSC is not increased by feedback, and it is achieved by a first order symmetric Markov process.
We propose a new method to compute the feedback capacity of unifilar finite state channels (FSCs) with memory using reinforcement learning (RL). The feedback capacity was previously estimated using its formulation as a Markov decision process (MDP) with dynamic programming (DP) algorithms. However, their computational complexity grows exponentially with the channel alphabet size. Therefore, we use RL, and specifically its ability to parameterize value functions and policies with neural networks, to evaluate numerically the feedback capacity of channels with a large alphabet size. The outcome o…
This paper considers the memoryless input-constrained binary erasure channel (BEC). The channel input constraint is the $(d,\infty)$-runlength limited (RLL) constraint, which mandates that any pair of successive $1$s in the input sequence be separated by at least $d$ $0$s. We consider a scenario where there is causal, noiseless feedback from the decoder. We demonstrate a simple, labelling-based, zero-error feedback coding scheme, which we prove to be feedback capacity-achieving, and, as a by-product, obtain an explicit characterization of the feedback capacity. Our proof is based on showing th…
It is well known that, in general, feedback may enlarge the capacity region of Gaussian broadcast channels. This has been demonstrated even when the feedback is noisy (or partial-but-perfect) and only from one of the receivers. The only case known where feedback has been shown not to enlarge the capacity region is when the channel is physically degraded (El Gamal 1978, 1981). In this paper, we show that for a class of two-user Gaussian broadcast channels (not necessarily physically degraded), passively feeding back the stronger user's signal over a link corrupted by Gaussian noise does not enl…
Variable length communication over a compound channel with feedback is considered. Traditionally, capacity of a compound channel without feedback is defined as the maximum rate that is determined before the start of communication such that communication is reliable. This traditional definition is pessimistic. In the presence of feedback, an opportunistic definition is given. Capacity is defined as the maximum rate that is determined at the end of communication such that communication is reliable. Thus, the transmission rate can adapt to the channel chosen by nature. Under this definition, feed…
In this paper, we consider some long-standing problems in communication systems with access to noisy feedback. We introduce a new notion, the residual directed information, to capture the effective information flow (i.e. mutual information between the message and the channel outputs) in the forward channel. In light of this new concept, we investigate discrete memoryless channels (DMC) with noisy feedback and prove that the noisy feedback capacity is not achievable by using any typical closed-loop encoder (non-trivially taking feedback information to produce channel inputs). We then show that …
We consider finite state channels where the state of the channel is its previous output. We refer to these as POST (Previous Output is the STate) channels. We first focus on POST($α$) channels. These channels have binary inputs and outputs, where the state determines if the channel behaves as a $Z$ or an $S$ channel, both with parameter $α$. %with parameter $α.$ We show that the non feedback capacity of the POST($α$) channel equals its feedback capacity, despite the memory of the channel. The proof of this surprising result is based on showing that the induced output distribution, when maximiz…
It is well known that the capacity region of an average transmit power constrained Gaussian Broadcast Channel (GBC) with independent noise realizations at the receivers is enlarged by the presence of causal noiseless feedback. Capacity region enlargement is also known to be possible by using only passive noisy feedback, when the GBC has identical noise variances at the receivers. The last fact remains true even when the feedback noise variance is very high, and available only from one of the receivers. While such capacity enlargements are feasible for several other feedback models in the Gauss…
The input-constrained erasure channel with feedback is considered, where the binary input sequence contains no consecutive ones, i.e., it satisfies the $(1,\infty)$-RLL constraint. We derive the capacity for this setting, which can be expressed as $C_ε=\max_{0 \leq p \leq \frac{1}{2}}\frac{H_{b}(p)}{p+\frac{1}{1-ε}}$, where $ε$ is the erasure probability and $ H_{b}(\cdot)$ is the binary entropy function. Moreover, we prove that a-priori knowledge of the erasure at the encoder does not increase the feedback capacity. The feedback capacity was calculated using an equivalent dynamic programming …
We firstly extend the interpretation of feedback communication over stationary finite dimensional Gaussian channels as feedback control systems by showing that, the problem of finding stabilizing feedback controllers with maximal reliable transmission rate over Youla parameters coincides with the problem of finding strictly causal filters to achieve feedback capacity recently derived in [1]. The aforementioned interpretation provides an approach to construct deterministic feedback coding schemes (with double exponential decaying error probability). We next propose an asymptotic capacity-achiev…
The capacity of finite state channels (FSCs) with feedback has been shown to be a limit of a sequence of multi-letter expressions. Despite many efforts, a closed-form single-letter capacity characterization is unknown to date. In this paper, the feedback capacity is studied from a fundamental algorithmic point of view by addressing the question of whether or not the capacity can be algorithmically computed. To this aim, the concept of Turing machines is used, which provides fundamental performance limits of digital computers. It is shown that the feedback capacity of FSCs is not Banach-Mazur c…
We consider an additive Gaussian channel with additive Gaussian noise feedback. We derive an upper bound on the n-block capacity (defined by Cover [1]). It is shown that this upper bound can be obtained by solving a convex optimization problem. With stationarity assumptions on Gaussian noise processes, we characterize the limit of the n-block upper bound and prove that this limit is the upper bound of the noisy feedback (shannon) capacity.
It is known that the capacity region of a two user physically degraded discrete memoryless (DM) broadcast channel (BC) is not enlarged by feedback. An identical result holds true for a physically degraded Gaussian BC, established later using a variant of the Entropy Power Inequality (EPI). In this paper, we extend the latter result to a physically degraded Gaussian Vector BC (PD-GVBC). However, the extension is not EPI based, but employs a recent result on the factorization of concave envelopes. While the existing concave envelope factorization results do not hold in the presence of feedback, …
In this paper, we study the effect of channel output feedback on the sum capacity in a two-user symmetric deterministic interference channel. We find that having a single feedback link from one of the receivers to its own transmitter results in the same sum capacity as having a total of 4 feedback links from both the receivers to both the transmitters. Hence, from the sum capacity point of view, the three additional feedback links are not helpful. We also consider a half-duplex feedback model where the forward and the feedback resources are symmetric and timeshared. Surprisingly, we find that …
The two-receiver broadcast packet erasure channel with feedback and memory is studied. Memory is modeled using a finite-state Markov chain representing a channel state. The channel state is unknown at the transmitter, but observations of this hidden Markov chain are available at the transmitter through feedback. Matching outer and inner bounds are derived and the capacity region is determined. The capacity region does not have a single-letter characterization and is, in this sense, uncomputable. Approximations of the capacity region are provided and two optimal coding algorithms are outlined. …
The Ising channel, which was introduced in 1990, is a channel with memory that models Inter-Symbol interference. In this paper we consider the Ising channel with feedback and find the capacity of the channel together with a capacity-achieving coding scheme. To calculate the channel capacity, an equivalent dynamic programming (DP) problem is formulated and solved. Using the DP solution, we establish that the feedback capacity is the expression $C=(\frac{2H_b(a)}{3+a})\approx 0.575522$ where $a$ is a particular root of a fourth-degree polynomial and $H_b(x)$ denotes the binary entropy function. …
The capacity region of the Finite-State Multiple Access Channel (FS-MAC) with feedback that may be an arbitrary time-invariant function of the channel output samples is considered. We characterize both an inner and an outer bound for this region, using Masseys's directed information. These bounds are shown to coincide, and hence yield the capacity region, of FS-MACs where the state process is stationary and ergodic and not affected by the inputs. Though `multi-letter' in general, our results yield explicit conclusions when applied to specific scenarios of interest. E.g., our results allow us t…
The utility of limited feedback for coding over an individual sequence of DMCs is investigated. This study complements recent results showing how limited or noisy feedback can boost the reliability of communication. A strategy with fixed input distribution $P$ is given that asymptotically achieves rates arbitrarily close to the mutual information induced by $P$ and the state-averaged channel. When the capacity achieving input distribution is the same over all channel states, this achieves rates at least as large as the capacity of the state averaged channel, sometimes called the empirical capa…
In this paper, we study the effect of feedback on two-user MIMO interference channels. The capacity region of MIMO interference channels with feedback is characterized within a constant number of bits, where this constant is independent of the channel matrices. Further, it is shown that the capacity region of a MIMO interference channel with feedback and its reciprocal interference channel are within a constant number of bits. Finally, the generalized degrees of freedom region for the MIMO interference channel with feedback is characterized.
We investigate the effect of imperfect feedback on the ε-outage capacity of incremental relaying in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. We show that imperfect feedback leads to a rescaling of the pre-log factor (comparable to the multiplexing gain for networks operating in the high SNR regime) and thus reduces the ε-outage capacity considerably. Moreover, we investigate the effect of different degrees of feedback reliability on the system performance. We further derive a simple binary tree-based construction rule to analyze networks with an arbitrary number of relay nodes with respect …
The K-user cyclic Z-interference channel models a situation in which the kth transmitter causes interference only to the (k-1)th receiver in a cyclic manner, e.g., the first transmitter causes interference only to the Kth receiver. The impact of noiseless feedback on the capacity of this channel is studied by focusing on the Gaussian cyclic Z-interference channel. To this end, the symmetric feedback capacity of the linear shift deterministic cyclic Z-interference channel (LD-CZIC) is completely characterized for all interference regimes. Using insights from the linear deterministic channel mod…
A Markov chain approach is applied to determine the capacity of a general class of q-ary ICI-free constrained systems that satisfy an arbitrary count constraint.
We study the problem of computing the rate-distortion function for sources with feed-forward and the capacity for channels with feedback. The formulas (involving directed information) for the optimal rate-distortion function with feed-forward and channel capacity with feedback are multi-letter expressions and cannot be computed easily in general. In this work, we derive conditions under which these can be computed for a large class of sources/channels with memory and distortion/cost measures. Illustrative examples are also provided.
The paper is devoted to the analysis of problems appearing in optimisation and improvement of the power-bandwidth efficiency of digital communication feedback systems (FCS). There is shown that unlike digital systems, adaptive FCS with the analogue forward transmission allow full optimisation and derivation of optimal transmission-reception algorithm approaching their efficiency to the Shannon boundary. Differences between the forward channel capacity and capacity of adaptive FCS as communication unit, as well as their influence of the power-bandwidth efficiency of transmission are considered.
The zero-error feedback capacity of the Gelfand-Pinsker channel is established. It can be positive even if the channel's zero-error capacity is zero in the absence of feedback. Moreover, the error-free transmission of a single bit may require more than one channel use. These phenomena do not occur when the state is revealed to the transmitter causally, a case that is solved here using Shannon strategies. Cost constraints on the channel inputs or channel states are also discussed, as is the scenario where---in addition to the message---also the state sequence must be recovered.
Jolfaei et al. used feedback to create transmit signals that are simultaneously useful for multiple users in a broadcast channel. Later, Georgiadis and Tassiulas studied erasure broadcast channels with feedback, and presented the capacity region under certain assumptions. These results provided the fundamental ideas used in communication protocols for networks with delayed channel state information. However, to the best of our knowledge, the capacity region of erasure broadcast channels with feedback and with a common message for both receivers has never been presented. This latter problem sho…
In this technical report, the capacity region of the two-user linear deterministic (LD) interference channel with noisy output feedback (IC-NOF) is fully characterized. This result allows the identification of several asymmetric scenarios in which implementing channel-output feedback in only one of the transmitter-receiver pairs is as beneficial as implementing it in both links, in terms of achievable individual rate and sum-rate improvements w.r.t. the case without feedback. In other scenarios, the use of channel-output feedback in any of the transmitter-receiver pairs benefits only one of th…
We characterize the symmetric capacity to within 1.7075 bits/s/Hz for the two-user Gaussian interference channel with feedback. The result makes use of a deterministic model to provide insights into the Gaussian channel. We derive a new outer bound to show that a proposed achievable scheme can achieve the symmetric capacity to within 1.7075 bits for all channel parameters. From this result, we show that feedback provides unbounded gain, i.e., the gain becomes arbitrarily large for certain channel parameters. It is a surprising result because feedback has been so far known to provide only power…
This paper slightly improves the upper bound in Thangaraj et al. for the capacity of the amplitude-constrained scalar AWGN channel. This improvement makes the upper bound within 0.002 bits of the capacity for $\frac{E_b}{N_0}\leq 2.5$ dB.
The listsize capacity of a discrete memoryless channel is the largest transmission rate for which the expectation---or, more generally, the $ρ$-th moment---of the number of messages that could have produced the output of the channel approaches one as the blocklength tends to infinity. We show that for channels with feedback this rate is upper-bounded by the maximum of Gallager's $E_0$ function divided by $ρ$, and that equality holds when the zero-error capacity of the channel is positive. To establish this inequality we prove that feedback does not increase the cutoff rate. Relationships to ot…
The capacity of the semideterministic discrete memoryless broadcast channel (SD-BC) with partial message side-information (P-MSI) at the receivers is established. In the setting without a common message, it is shown that P-MSI to the stochastic receiver alone can increase capacity, whereas P-MSI to the deterministic receiver can only increase capacity if also the stochastic receiver has P-MSI. The latter holds only for the setting without a common message: if the encoder also conveys a common message, then P-MSI to the deterministic receiver alone can increase capacity. These capacity results …
We characterize the capacity region to within 2 bits/s/Hz and the symmetric capacity to within 1 bit/s/Hz for the two-user Gaussian interference channel (IC) with feedback. We develop achievable schemes and derive a new outer bound to arrive at this conclusion. One consequence of the result is that feedback provides multiplicative gain, i.e., the gain becomes arbitrarily large for certain channel parameters. It is a surprising result because feedback has been so far known to provide no gain in memoryless point-to-point channels and only bounded additive gain in multiple access channels. The ga…
