电网中动态节点与线路故障的节点Braess悖论与惯性失稳
Nodal Braess's Paradox and Inertia Destabilization with Dynamic Node and Line Failures in Power Grids
AI总结：
提出集成节点/线路故障与同步振荡器动力学的新模型，发现高惯性和节点鲁棒性增强可能反常地扩大级联规模，揭示新型Braess悖论。
摘要：
大规模停电通常由级联故障引起。这些故障通过网络动力学与单个组件故障之间的复杂相互作用动态展开。相比之下，物理学中对级联故障的研究集中在准静态状态下分析线路过载。我们引入了一个新模型，将节点和线路故障的动力学与电网同步的典型振荡器模型相结合。这使我们能够首次研究耦合故障的集体级联行为。我们研究了节点鲁棒性（节点承受瞬态扰动的能力）和惯性（节点抵抗频率偏差的能力）对级联规模的影响。我们发现了驱动系统脆弱性的两种新机制：i) 虽然低惯性被广泛认为是电网的主要挑战，但我们发现高惯性会放大级联规模，除非伴随其他动力学特性的适当调整。ii) 此外，我们发现单个节点鲁棒性的增强可能反常地导致更大的级联。后一种现象构成了一种新型的Braess悖论。理解这种反直觉的集体效应对于实现有弹性的未来电网可能至关重要。
英文摘要：
Large-scale power outages are typically caused by cascading failures. These unfold dynamically through complex interactions between network dynamics and individual component failures. In contrast, the study of cascading failures in physics has focused on analyzing line overloads in the quasi-static regime. We introduce a new model that integrates the dynamics of node and line failures with a paradigmatic oscillator model for power grid synchronization. This enables us to investigate the collective cascading behavior of coupled failures for the first time. We study the impact of nodal robustness, the ability of nodes to tolerate transient disturbances, and inertia, the ability of nodes to resist frequency deviations, on cascade sizes. We discover two novel mechanisms driving system fragility: i) While low inertia is widely considered a major challenge for power grids, we find that high inertia can amplify cascade sizes unless accompanied by appropriate adjustments of other dynamical properties. ii) Further, we find that an increase in the robustness of individual nodes can paradoxically lead to larger cascades. This latter phenomenon constitutes a novel type of Braess's paradox. Understanding such counterintuitive collective effects may become central for achieving resilient future power grids.
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