We investigate the inverse Edelstein effect in a non-homogeneous system consisting of a ferromagnetic layer coupled to a Rashba two-dimensional electron gas. Within a semiclassical Boltzmann framework, we derive analytical expressions for the charge and spin currents and analyze their dependence on key parameters such as the chemical potential and the Rashba coupling strength. We show how interfacial exchange and spin-orbit interactions jointly control the efficiency of spin-to-charge conversion, leading to distinct regimes characterized by qualitatively different transport responses. A central outcome of our work is the availability of closed-form analytical results, which provide direct physical insight and enable a transparent and quantitative benchmarking with experiments on complex oxide interfaces, such as LaAlO$_3$/SrTiO$_3$.
We theoretically study the mechanical induction of the spin density via the Rashba spin--orbit interaction (SOI). The spin density in the linear response to lattice distortion dynamics is calculated based on the microscopic theory. We reveal that there are two mechanisms of spin induction: one is the acoustic Edelstein effect (AEE) from the acceleration of the lattice dynamics and the other is caused by the Rashba spin--vorticity coupling (RSVC). We find that the AEE induces a more efficient spin-to-charge conversion in comparison with the conventional electric Edelstein effect. The induced sp…
Rashba effect describes how electrons moving in an electric field experience a momentum dependent magnetic field that couples to the electron angular momentum (spin). This physical phenomenon permits the generation of spin polarization from charge current (Edelstein effect), which leads to the buildup of spin accumulation. Spin accumulation due to Rashba Edelstein effect has been recently reported to be uniform and oriented in plane, which has been suggested for applications as spin filter device and efficient driving force for magnetization switching. Here, we report the X-ray spectroscopy ch…
We report the observation of magnetoresistance originating from Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in a metallic heterostructure: the Rashba-Edelstein (RE) magnetoresistance. We show that the simultaneous action of the direct and inverse RE effects in a Bi/Ag/CoFeB trilayer couples current-induced spin accumulation to the electric resistance. The electric resistance changes with the magnetic-field angle, reminiscent of the spin Hall magnetoresistance, despite the fact that bulk SOC is not responsible for the magnetoresistance. We further found that, even when the magnetization is saturated, the …
We have studied spin-orbit (SO) field in Ni$_{80}$Fe$_{20}$(Py)/W/Pt trilayer by means of spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance, and demonstrated that the W/Pt interface generates an extra SO field acting on the Py layer. This unprecedented field originates from the following three processes, 1) spin accumulation at W/Pt interface via the Rashba-Edelstein effect, 2) diffusive spin transport in the W layer, and 3) spin absorption into the Py layer through accumulation at the Py/W interface. Our result means that we can create extra SO field away from the ferromagnet/ metal interface and control i…
The inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect (IREE) is a spin conversion mechanism that recently attracts attention in spintronics and condensed matter physics. In this letter, we report an investigation of the IREE in Bi/Ag by using ferrimagnetic insulator yttrium iron garnet (YIG). We prepared two types of samples with opposite directions of the Rashba field by changing a stacking order of Bi and Ag. An electric current generated by the IREE was observed from both stacks, and an efficiency of spin conversion -characterized by the IREE length- was estimated by taking into account a number of contribut…
Spin Hall and Edelstein effects in a ballistic quantum dot with Rashba spin-orbit coupling
CNR-SPIN（意大利国家研究委员会自旋物理研究所）；Università di Salerno（萨莱诺大学）；Dipartimento di Fisica ”E.R. Caianiello”, Università di Salerno（萨莱诺大学埃·R·卡亚涅洛物理系）；INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo collegato di Salerno（意大利国家核物理研究所那不勒斯分部萨莱诺协作组）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria（卡拉布里亚大学物理系）；Dipartimento di Fisica Ettore Pancini, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II（那不勒斯费德里科二世大学埃托雷·潘奇尼物理系）；AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science（克拉科夫AGH科技大学物理与应用计算机科学系）
Thanks to its unique symmetry, the unidirectional spin Hall and Rashba-Edelstein magnetoresistance (USRMR) is of great fundamental and practical interest, particularly in the context of reading magnetization states in two-terminal spin-orbit torque switching memory and logic devices. Recent studies show that topological insulators could improve USRMR amplitude. However, the topological insulator device configurations studied so far in this context, namely ferromagnetic metal/topological insulator bilayers and magnetically doped topological insulators, suffer from current shunting by the metall…
We propose that the hybridization between two sets of Rashba bands can lead to an unconventional topology where the two Fermi circles from different bands own in-plane helical spin textures with the same chiralities, and possess group velocities with the same directions. Under the weak spin injection, the two Fermi circles both give the positive contributions to the spin-to-charge conversion and thus induce the giant inverse Rashba-Edelstein Effect with large conversion efficiency, which is very different from the conventional Rashba-Edelstein Effect. More importantly, through the first-princi…
The spin transport and spin-to-charge current conversion properties of bismuth are investigated using permalloy/copper/bismuth (Py/Cu/Bi)lateral spin valve structures. The spin current is strongly absorbed at the surface of Bi, leading to ultra-short spin diffusion lengths. A spin-to-charge current conversion is measured, which is attributed to the inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect at the Cu/Bi interface. The spin-current-induced charge current is found to change direction with increasing temperature. A theoretical analysis relates this behavior to the complex spin structure and dispersion of th…
We report the observation of a spin-orbit torque (SOT) originating from the surface Rashba-Edelstein effect. We found that the SOT in a prototypical spin-orbitronic system, a Pt/Co bilayer, can be manipulated by molecular self-assembly on the Pt surface. This evidences that the Rashba spin-orbit coupling at the Pt surface generates a sizable SOT, which has been hidden by the strong bulk and interface spin-orbit coupling. We show that the molecular tuning of the surface Rashba-Edelstein SOT is consistent with density functional theory calculations. These results illustrate the crucial role of t…
We examine the bound-state and free-state contributions to the density of states in a three-dimensional electron gas with a two-dimensional interface with Rashba spin-orbit coupling. Confinement of electrons to the interface is achieved through the inclusion of an attractive potential in the interface. Motivation for our research comes from interest in heterostructure materials that exhibit the Edelstein and inverse Edelstein effects on surfaces or interfaces due to large Rashba spin-orbit coupling. By modifying the Hamiltonian of a three-dimensional free electron gas to include an interface w…
Edelstein and spin Hall effect response functions for a two-dimensional (2D) system of pseudospin-1 particles is investigated. These two response functions denoted by $ σ_{SH} $ and $ σ_{EE} $ have been analyzed in a pseudospin-1 particle system in the presence of the Rashba-type spin-orbit interaction using the Kubo-Streda technique and vertex corrections with non-magnetic impurities. Then, for a given range of the Rashba coupling, response functions of the spin Hall effect (SHE) and Edelstein effect (EE) have been estimated at various energy gaps and Fermi energies. Results indicate that in …
We report the observation of current-induced spin polarization, the Rashba-Edelstein effect (REE), and its Onsager reciprocal phenomenon, the spin galvanic effect (SGE), in a few-layer graphene/2H-TaS2 heterostructure at room temperature. Spin-sensitive electrical measurements unveil full spin-polarization reversal by an applied gate voltage. The observed gate-tunable charge-to-spin conversion is explained by the ideal work function mismatch between 2H-TaS2 and graphene, which allows strong interface-induced Bychkov-Rashba interaction with a spin-gap reaching 70 meV, while keeping the Dirac na…
The Rashba-Edelstein effect stems from the interaction between the electron's spin and its momentum induced by spin-orbit interaction at an interface or a surface. It was shown that the inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect can be used to convert a spin- into a charge current. Here, we demonstrate that a Bi/Ag Rashba interface can even drive an adjacent ferromagnet to resonance. We employ a spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance excitation/detection scheme which was developed originally for a bulk spin-orbital effect, the spin Hall effect. In our experiment, the direct Rashba-Edelstein effect generates…
The Rashba physics has been intensively studied in the field of spin orbitronics, for the purpose of searching novel physical properties and the FM magnetization switching for technology applications. Here, we report the observation of the inverse Edelstein effect up to room temperature in the Rashba-split 2DEG between two insulating oxides SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 with the LaAlO3 layer thickness from 3 to 40 unit cells (UC). We further demonstrate that the spin voltage could be dramatically manipulated by electric field effect for the 2DEG between SrTiO3 and 3 UC LaAlO3. These results demonstrate th…
It is well known that a current driven through a two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit coupling induces a spin polarization in the perpendicular direction (Edelstein effect). This phenomenon has been extensively studied in the linear response regime, i.e., when the average drift velocity of the electrons is a small fraction of the Fermi velocity. Here we investigate the phenomenon in the nonlinear regime, meaning that the average drift velocity is comparable to, or exceeds the Fermi velocity. This regime is realized when the electric field is very large, or when electron-impurity…
We analyze the experimentally obtained spin-current-related magnetoresistance in epitaxial Pt/Co bilayers by using a drift-diffusion model that incorporates both bulk spin Hall effect and interfacial Rashba-Edelstein effect (REE). The magnetoresistance analysis yields, for the Pt/Co interface, a temperature-independent Rashba parameter in the order of 1e-11 eV m that agrees with theoretical calculations, along with an effective interfacial REE thickness of several angstroms which is in overall consistency with our previous spin-orbit torque analysis. In particular, our results suggest that bot…
The proximity of a transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) to graphene imprints a rich spin texture in graphene and complements its high quality charge/spin transport by inducing spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Rashba and valley-Zeeman SOCs are the origin of charge-to-spin conversion mechanisms such as Rashba-Edelstein effect (REE) and spin Hall effect (SHE). In this work, we experimentally demonstrate for the first time charge-to-spin conversion due to the REE in a monolayer WS2-graphene van der Waals heterostructure. We measure the current-induced spin polarization up to room temperature and contro…
The electronic and optoelectronic properties of two dimensional materials have been extensively explored in graphene and layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Spintronics in these two-dimensional materials could provide novel opportunities for future electronics, for example, efficient generation of spin current, which should enable the efficient manipulation of magnetic elements. So far, the quantitative determination of charge current induced spin current and spin-orbit torques (SOTs) on the magnetic layer adjacent to two-dimensional materials is still lacking. Here, we report a l…
In this paper we study the current-induced spin polarization in a two-dimensional electron gas, known also as the Edelstein effect. Compared to previous treatments, we consider both the Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction as well as the spin-orbit interaction from impurity scattering. In evaluating the Kubo formula for the spin polarization response to an applied electric field, we explicitly take into account the side-jump and skew-scattering effects. We show that the inclusion of side-jump and skew-scattering modifies the expression of the current-induced spin polarization.
The Edelstein effect provides the purely electrical generation and control of a homogeneous magnetization in primarily nonmagnetic materials with broken inversion symmetry. Usually, only the spin density response to an external electric field is discussed. Here, we report on the electrically induced magnetization containing spin as well as orbital contributions in the topological oxide two-dimensional electron gas at the interface between SrTiO$_3$ and AlO. We find that in this particular system the orbital Edelstein effect exceeds the spin Edelstein effect by more than one order of magnitude.…
In this work, we predict the emergence of the valley Edelstein Effect (VEE), which is an electric-field-induced spin polarization effect, in gated monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (MTMDs). We found an unconventional valley-dependent response in which the spin-polarization is parallel to the applied electric field with opposite spin-polarization generated by opposite valleys. This is in sharp contrast to the conventional Edelstein effect in which the induced spin-polarization is perpendicular to the applied electric field. We identify the origin of VEE as combined effects of conventio…
We show theoretically that conversion between spin and charge by spin-orbit interaction in metals occurs even in a non-local setup where magnetization and spin-orbit interaction are spatially separated if electron diffusion is taken into account. Calculation is carried out for the Rashba spin-orbit interaction treating the coupling with a ferromagnet perturbatively. The results indicate the validity of the concept of effective spin gauge field (spin motive force) in the non-local configuration. The inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect observed for a trilayer of a ferromagnet, a normal metal and a h…
We extend the semiclassical Boltzmann formalism for the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in nondegenerate multiband electron systems to the spin Hall effect (SHE) and unconventional Edelstein effect (UEE, cannot be accounted for by the conventional Boltzmann equation, unlike the conventional Edelstein effect). This extension is confirmed by extending the Kohn-Luttinger density-matrix transport theory in the weak disorder-potential regime. By performing Kubo linear response calculations in a prototypical multiband model, the Boltzmann scaling for the AHE/SHE and UEE is found to be valid only if the …
We have investigated direct and inverse Edelstein effects in a one-atom-layer Tl-Pb compound with a large Rashba-type spin splitting. In spin pumping experiments at room temperature, spin-to-charge conversion voltage due to the inverse Edelstein effect is clearly observed in Py/Cu/Tl-Pb trilayer samples. To confirm efficient spin-charge interconversion in Tl-Pb compounds, the direct Edelstein effect is also studied in the same trilayer samples by measuring modulation of the effective magnetization damping in the Py layer via the charge-to-spin conversion in the Tl-Pb layer. Using both the resu…
Motivated by recent discovery of strongly spin-orbit coupled two-dimensional (2D) electron gas near the surface of Rashba semiconductors BiTeX (X=Cl, Br, I), we calculate thermoelectric responses of spin polarization in 2D Rashba model using an exact solution of the linearized Boltzmann equation for elastic scattering. When the Fermi energy $E_{F}$ lies below the band crossing point we find a non-Edelstein electric-field induced spin polarization which is linear in $E_{F}$. We show that the Mott-like relation between spin polarizations induced by the temperature gradient and electric field bre…
For the spin Hall effect arising from strong band-structure spin-orbit coupling, a semiclassical Boltzmann theory reasonably addressing the intriguing disorder effect called side-jump is still absent. In this paper we describe such a theory of which the key ingredient is the spin-current-counterpart of the semiclassical side-jump velocity (introduced in the context of the anomalous Hall effect). Applying this theory to spin Hall effects in a two-dimensional electron gas with giant Rashba spin-orbit coupling, we find largely enhanced spin Hall angle in the presence of magnetic impurities when o…
We study spin torques induced by Rashba spin-orbit coupling in two-dimensional ferromagnets under the good-metal condition $ε_{F}τ/\hbar\gg1$ ($ε_{F}$ the Fermi energy, $τ$ the electron lifetime) by employing the Kubo formula. We find that, in the presence of spin-dependent disorder the Rashba torque changes greatly as the system evolves out of the weak disorder limit where $\hbar/τ$ is much smaller than any intrinsic energy scale characterizing the multiband structure. The antidamping-like component of Rashba torque can be comparable to and larger than the field-like one out of the weak disor…
We report the observation of ferromagnetic resonance-driven spin pumping signals at room temperature in three-dimensional topological insulator thin films -- Bi2Se3 and (Bi,Sb)2Te3 -- deposited by molecular beam epitaxy on yttrium iron garnet thin films. By systematically varying the Bi2Se3 film thickness, we show that the spin-charge conversion efficiency, characterized by the inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect length (lambda_IREE), increases dramatically as the film thickness is increased from 2 quintuple layers, saturating above 6 quintuple layers. This suggests a dominant role of surface stat…
Rashba interfaces have emerged as promising platforms for spin-charge interconversion through the direct and inverse Edelstein effects. Notably, oxide-based two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) display a large and gate-tunable conversion efficiency, as determined by transport measurements. However, a direct visualization of the Rashba-split bands in oxide 2DEGs is lacking, which hampers an advanced understanding of their rich spin-orbit physics. Here, we investigate KTaO$_3$-2DEGs and evidence their Rashba-split bands using angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy. Fitting the bands with a …
Electrode-tunable nonlocal charge to spin conversion in WSe$_2$-intercalated bilayer graphene
Institute of Informatics, Slovak Academy of Sciences（斯洛伐克科学院信息学研究所）；Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade（贝尔格莱德大学物理学院）；Institute of Physics, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice（科希策帕维尔·约瑟夫·沙法里克大学物理研究所）；Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences（斯洛伐克科学院实验物理研究所）；New Technologies Research Centre, University of West Bohemia（西波希米亚大学新技术研究中心）
We report a systematic study on Edelstein magnetoresistance (Edelstein MR) in Co25Fe75/Cu/Bi2O3 heterostructures with a strong spin-orbit interaction at the Cu/Bi2O3 interface. We succeed in observing a significant dependence of the Edelstein MR on both Cu layer thickness and temperature, and also develop a general analytical model considering distinct bulk and interface contributions on spin relaxation. Our analysis, based on the above model, quantitatively illustrates a unique property of the spin transport near the Rashba interface, revealing a prominent role of the spin relaxation process …
This is an overview of current-induced spin polarization in gyrotropic semiconductor nanostructures. Such a spin polarization as response to a charge current may be classified as the inverse of the spin-galvanic effect, and sometimes is called as magneto-electrical effect or Edelstein (Rashba-Edelstein) effect. Apart from reviewing the experimental status of affairs, we have provided a detailed theoretical description of both effects in terms of a phenomenological model of spin-dependent relaxation processes, and an alternative theoretical approach based on the quasi-classical Boltzmann equati…
Understanding spin physics in graphene is crucial for developing future two-dimensional spintronic devices. Recent studies show that efficient spin-to-charge conversions via either the inverse spin Hall effect or the inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect can be achieved in graphene by proximity with an adjacent spin-orbit coupling material. Lateral spin valve devices, made up of a graphene Hall bar and ferromagnets, are best suited for such studies. Here, we report that signals mimicking the inverse Rashba-Edelstein effect can be measured in pristine graphene possessing negligible spin-orbit couplin…
We generalize magnetoelectronic circuit theory to account for spin transfer to and from the atomic lattice via interfacial spin-orbit coupling. This enables a proper treatment of spin transport at interfaces between a ferromagnet and a heavy-metal non-magnet. This generalized approach describes spin transport in terms of drops in spin and charge accumulations across the interface (as in the standard approach), but additionally includes the responses from in-plane electric fields and offsets in spin accumulations. A key finding is that in-plane electric fields give rise to spin accumulations an…
Magnetic electric effects in ferromagnetic metals are discussed from the viewpoint of effective spin electromagnetic field that couples to conduction electron spin. The effective field in the adiabatic limit is the spin Berry's phase in space and time, and it leads to spin motive force (voltage generated by magnetization dynamics) and topological Hall effect due to spin chirality. Its gauge coupling to spin current describes the spin transfer effect, where magnetization structure is driven by an applied spin current. The idea of effective gauge field can be extended to include spin relaxation …
