关于偶极子反冲力和力矩的起源与性质
On the origin and properties of dipolar recoil force and torque
AI总结：
本文通过从头原理推导，揭示了偶极子反冲力和力矩的起源，源于光速有限导致的相互作用效应。
摘要：
电磁偶极子所受的反冲光力和力矩通常通过计算来自源的辐射线性和角电磁动量不平衡来推导，使用麦克斯韦应力张量积分。这量化了反冲的结果，但不揭示其物理起源或产生它的基本力。反冲力和力矩即使在没有外部照明的情况下也存在，使得孤立的偶极子发射体也能经历它们。与其它项不同，反冲项在时间反演下是奇函数。为了澄清其本质和性质，我们通过从头计算一个同时形成电偶极子和磁偶极子的电荷系统的总洛伦兹力重新推导反冲力。结果与基于动量的常规推导一致，并揭示了其最终起源来自电荷之间相互作用中的有限光速效应。这一结果为反冲机制提供了基本见解，为未来关于光诱导力的理论和实验研究提供了更清晰的概念基础。
英文摘要：
The recoil optical force and torque acting on an electromagnetic dipole are typically derived by computing the imbalance in radiated linear and angular electromagnetic momentum coming from the source, using Maxwell stress tensor integration. This quantifies the recoil's outcome without revealing its physical origin or the underlying forces that produce it. The recoil force and torque exist even in the absence of external illumination, such that an isolated dipole emitter can experience them. In contrast to the other terms, the recoil terms are odd under time reversal. To clarify their nature and properties, we re-derive the recoil force from first principles using the total Lorentz force on a system of charges that form a simultaneous electric and magnetic dipole. The results agree with the standard momentum-based derivation and reveal their ultimate origin from retardation effects -- arising from the finite speed of light -- in the mutual interactions between charges. This result provides fundamental insight into the recoil mechanism, offering a clearer conceptual foundation for future theoretical and experimental studies of light-induced forces.
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