The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. X: Formation and Evolution of Galaxies at the High-redshift Frontier
Seoul National University（首尔大学）；Lund University（隆德大学）；Universidad Autónoma de Madrid（马德里自治大学）
Hyeonyong Kim, Ji-hoon Kim, Minyong Jung, Santi Roca-Fàbrega, Daniel Ceverino, Pablo Granizo, Kentaro Nagamine, Joel R. Primack, Héctor Velázquez, Kirk S. S. Ba… 展开作者
Hyeonyong Kim, Ji-hoon Kim, Minyong Jung, Santi Roca-Fàbrega, Daniel Ceverino, Pablo Granizo, Kentaro Nagamine, Joel R. Primack, Héctor Velázquez, Kirk S. S. Barrow, Robert Feldmann, Keita Fukushima, Lucio Mayer, Boon Kiat Oh, Johnny W. Powell, Tom Abel, Oscar Agertz, Chaerin Jeong, Alessandro Lupi, Yuri Oku, Thomas R. Quinn, Yves Revaz, Ramón Rodríguez-Cardoso, Ikkoh Shimizu, Romain Teyssier
Recent observations from JWST have revealed unexpectedly luminous galaxies, exhibiting stellar masses and luminosities significantly higher than predicted by theoretical models at Cosmic Dawn. In this study, we present a suite of cosmological zoom-in simulations targeting high-redshift ($z \geq 10$) galaxies with dark matter halo masses in the range $10^{10} - 10^{11}\ {\rm M}_{\odot}$ at $z=10$, using state-of-the-art galaxy formation simulation codes (Enzo, Ramses, Changa, Gadget-3, Gadget-4, and Gizmo). This study aims to evaluate the convergence of the participating codes and their reproducibility of high-redshift galaxies with the galaxy formation model calibrated at relatively low redshift, without additional physics for high-redshift environments. The subgrid physics follows the AGORA CosmoRun framework, with adjustments to resolution and initial conditions to emulate similar physical environments in the early universe. The participating codes show consistent results for key galaxy properties (e.g., stellar mass), but also reveal notable differences (e.g., metallicity), indicating that galaxy properties at high redshifts are highly sensitive to the feedback implementation of the simulation. Massive halos (${\rm M}_{\rm halo}\geq5\times10^{10}\,{\rm M}_{\odot}$ at $z=10$) succeed in reproducing observed stellar masses, metallicities, and UV luminosities at $10\leq z\leq12$ without requiring additional subgrid physics, but tend to underpredict those properties at higher redshift. We also find that varying the dust-to-metal ratio modestly affects UV luminosity of simulated galaxies, whereas the absence of dust significantly enhances it. In future work, higher-resolution simulations will be conducted to better understand the formation and evolution of galaxies at Cosmic Dawn.
As part of the AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project (Kim et al. 2014, 2016) we have generated a suite of isolated Milky Way-mass galaxy simulations using 9 state-of-the-art gravito-hydrodynamics codes widely used in the numerical galaxy formation community. In these simulations we adopted identical galactic disk initial conditions, and common physics models (e.g., radiative cooling and ultraviolet background by a standardized package). Subgrid physics models such as Jeans pressure floor, star formation, supernova feedback energy, and metal production were carefully const…
The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. XI: Solving the Non-Spherical Morphology and Evolution of Dark Matter Halos with Haskap Pie
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）；Lund University（隆德大学）；Seoul National University（首尔大学）；Osaka University（大阪大学）
The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. V: Satellite Galaxy Populations In A Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation of A Milky Way-mass Halo
Using an isolated Milky Way-mass galaxy simulation, we compare results from 9 state-of-the-art gravito-hydrodynamics codes widely used in the numerical community. We utilize the infrastructure we have built for the AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. This includes the common disk initial conditions, common physics models (e.g., radiative cooling and UV background by the standardized package Grackle) and common analysis toolkit yt, all of which are publicly available. Subgrid physics models such as Jeans pressure floor, star formation, supernova feedback energy, and met…
We present a suite of high-resolution cosmological zoom-in simulations to $z=4$ of a $10^{12}\,{\rm M}_{\odot}$ halo at $z=0$, obtained using seven contemporary astrophysical simulation codes widely used in the numerical galaxy formation community. Physics prescriptions for gas cooling, heating, and star formation, are similar to the ones used in our previous {\it AGORA} disk comparison but now account for the effects of cosmological processes. In this work, we introduce the most careful comparison yet of galaxy formation simulations run by different code groups, together with a series of four…
The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. VIII: Disk Formation and Evolution of Simulated Milky Way Mass Galaxy Progenitors at $1<z<5$
The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. IX - Part 1: Effects of a Major Galaxy Merger on Star Formation of a Milky Way-mass Galaxy Progenitor
National Center for Supercomputing Applications（国家超级计算应用中心）；Seoul National University（首尔国立大学）；Universidad Complutense de Madrid（马德里康普顿斯大学）；Lund University（隆德大学）
The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. IX - Part 2: Effects of a Major Galaxy Merger on the Stellar Morphology of a Milky Way-mass Galaxy Progenitor
Center for AstroPhysical Surveys, National Center for Supercomputing Applications（国家超级计算应用中心天文物理调查中心）；Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University（首尔国立大学物理与天文学系理论物理中心）；Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de C.C. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid（马德里康普顿斯大学理学院地球与天体物理学系）；Instituto de Física de Partículas y del Cosmos, IPARCOS, Fac. C.C. Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid（马德里康普顿斯大学理学院粒子与宇宙物理研究所）；Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University（隆德大学物理系天体物理学部隆德天文台）
The Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). VI. Comparing the Mass and Light in MACSJ0416.1-2403 using Frontier Field imaging and GLASS spectroscopy
We present a gravitational lensing model of MACS J1149.5+2223 using ultra-deep Hubble Frontier Fields imaging data and spectroscopic redshifts from HST grism and VLT/MUSE spectroscopic data. We create total mass maps using 38 multiple images (13 sources) and 608 weak lensing galaxies, as well as 100 multiple images of 31 star-forming regions in the galaxy that hosts Supernova Refsdal. We find good agreement with a range of recent models within the HST field of view. We present a map of the ratio of projected stellar mass to total mass ($f_{\star}$), and find that the stellar mass fraction for …
The Frontier Fields project is an observational campaign targeting six galaxy clusters, with the intention of using the magnification provided by gravitational lensing to study galaxies that are extremely faint or distant. We used the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) at 3 and 6 GHz to observe three Frontier Fields: MACSJ0416.1$-$2403 ($z$ = 0.396), MACSJ0717.5+3745 ($z$ = 0.545), and MACSJ1149.5+2223 ($z$ = 0.543). The images reach noise levels of $\sim$1 $μ$Jy beam$^{-1}$ with sub-arcsecond resolution ($\sim$2.5 kpc at $z$ = 3), providing a high-resolution view of high-$z$ star-forming g…
We present an updated strong-lensing analysis of the massive cluster Abell 370 (A370), continuing the work first presented in Lagattuta et al. (2017). In this new analysis, we take advantage of the deeper imaging data from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Frontier Fields program, as well as a large spectroscopic mosaic obtained with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). Thanks to the extended coverage of this mosaic, we probe the full 3D distribution of galaxies in the field, giving us a unique picture of the extended structure of the cluster and its surroundings. Our final catalog con…
CLASH-VLT: Dissecting the Frontier Fields Galaxy Cluster MACS J0416.1-2403 with $\sim800$ Spectra of Member Galaxies
本文报道前线场团簇MACS~J0416.1-2403（z=0.397）的VIMOS-VLT光谱。作为CLASH-VLT巡天的一部分，大型光谱活动提供了超过4000个可靠的红移，包括约800个星系团成员星系。在这个红移的星系团成员的前所未有的样本，使我们能够执行一个非常详细的动力学和结构分析的集群到~2.2 $r_{200}$（~ 4 Mpc）。我们对子结构的分析揭示了一个由主要大质量星系团组成的复杂系统（$M_{200}$ ~0.9 $\times 10^{15} M_{\odot}$），具有两个主要特征：i）双峰速度分布，显示两个中心峰，间隔为$ΔV_{rf}$ ~1100 km s $^{-1}$，具有可比的星系内容和速度分散，ii）主要子结构沿NE-SW方向的投影伸长，在中心西南约600 kpc处有一个突出的亚丛，在中心和西南丛之间大约有一个孤立的BCG。我们还探测到一个低质量结构，位于星团中心z~0.390，~10' S，投影在~ 3 Mpc，相对视线速度为$ΔV_{rf}$ ~-1700 km s $^{-1}$。我们通过动力学分析得到的团簇质量分布明显偏离“通用”NFW，最适合软化等温球模型。从星系动力学测量的质量分布被发现是在相对较好的协议与那些从强和弱透镜，以及与从X射线，尽管明显的不放松的性质的集群。我们的研究结果揭示了这个大规模集群的整体复杂的动力学状态，并支持…
Hubble Frontier Fields : A High-Precision Strong-Lensing Mass Model of the Massive Galaxy Cluster Abell 2744 using 180 Multiple Images
我们提出了一个高精度的星系团阿贝尔2744的质量模型，强引力透镜分析的基础上的\emph{Hubble Space Telescope Frontier Fields}（HFF）的成像数据，现在包括两个\emph{Advanced Camera for Surveys}和\emph{Wide-Field Camera 3}观测到的最终深度。利用可见光和近红外数据前所未有的深度，我们确定了34个新的多重成像星系，使总数达到61个，包括181个单独的透镜图像。在这个过程中，我们纠正以前的错误识别和位置的集群核心的北部的多个系统。使用\textsc{Lenstool}软件和新的多组图像，我们使用两个星系团规模的暗物质晕和星系团成员的星系团规模的晕来模拟星系团。我们的最佳拟合模型预测图像的位置与\emph{RMS}的误差为0.69 $\arcsec$，这构成了一个改进的几乎是一个因素的两个在以前的参数模型，这个集群。我们测量了200 kpc口径内的总投影质量（$2.162\pm 0.005$）$\times 10^{14}M_{\odot}$，从而继最近的HFF测量MACSJ 0416.1 -2403之后，第二次达到1级精度。重要的是，质量模型的更高质量转化为导出的放大因子的4倍的总体改进。%的高红移透镜背景星系。与我们以前的HFF引力透镜分析一起，这项工作表明，HFF数据能够对大质量星系…
The HERON Coma Project: Exploring the low-surface-brightness frontiers in the Coma cluster
Universidad de Córdoba（科尔多瓦大学）；University of California Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）；NASA Ames Research Center（美国国家航空航天局艾姆斯研究中心）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía–CSIC（安达卢西亚天体物理研究所-西班牙高等科学研究委员会）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）
At cosmological distances, gravitational lensing can provide a direct measurement of supermassive black hole (SMBH) masses irrespective of their luminosities. Here, we directly estimate the mass of a SMBH in the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) of MACS J1149+2223.5 at $z=0.54$ through one of the multiply-lensed images of a background spiral galaxy at $z=1.49$ projected close to the BCG. In this particular image, an intrinsically compact region in one of the spiral arms is lensed into an arc that curves towards the BCG center. This arc has a radius of curvature of only $\sim$0."6, betraying the p…
Large low surface brightness galaxies have recently been found to be abundant in nearby galaxy clusters. In this paper, we investigate these ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) in the six Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy clusters: Abell 2744, MACSJ0416.1$-$2403, MACSJ0717.5$+$3745, MACSJ1149.5$+$2223, Abell S1063 and Abell 370. These are the most massive ($1$-$3 \times 10^{15}~M_\odot$) and distant ($0.308 < z < 0.545$) systems in which this class of galaxy has yet been discovered. We estimate that the clusters host of the order of ${\sim}$200-1400 UDGs inside the virial radius ($R_{200}$), consistent …
