Design and development of optical modules for the BUTTON-30 detector
University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；University of Warwick（华威大学）；University of Liverpool（利物浦大学）；United Kingdom National Nuclear Laboratory（英国国家核实验室）；University of Sheffield（谢菲尔德大学）；STFC（科学与技术设施委员会）；Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室）；University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）
D. S. Bhattacharya, J. Bae, M. Bergevin, J. Boissevain, S. Boyd, K. Bridges, L. Capponi, J. Coleman, D. Costanzo, T. Cunniffe, S. A. Dazeley, M. V. Diwan, S. R.… 展开作者
D. S. Bhattacharya, J. Bae, M. Bergevin, J. Boissevain, S. Boyd, K. Bridges, L. Capponi, J. Coleman, D. Costanzo, T. Cunniffe, S. A. Dazeley, M. V. Diwan, S. R. Durham, E. Ellingwood, A. Enqvist, T. Gamble, S. Gokhale, J. Gooding, C. Graham, E. Gunger, W. Hopkins, I. Jovanovic, T. Kaptanoglu, E. Kneale, L. Lebanowski, K. Lester, V. A. Li, M. Malek, C. Mauger, N. McCauley, C. Metelko, R. Mills, A. Morgan, F. Muheim, A. Murphy, M. Needham, K. Ogren, G. D. Orebi Gann, K. Y. Oyulmaz, S. M. Paling, A. F. Papatyi, G. Pinkney, J. Puputti, S. Quillin, B. Richards, R. Rosero, A. Scarff, Y. Schnellbach, P. R. Scovell, B. Seitz, L. Sexton, O. Shea, G. D. Smith, R. Svoboda, D. Swinnock, A. Tarrant, F. Thomson, J. N. Tinsley, C. Toth, A. Usón, M. Vagins, J. Webster, S. Woodford, G. Yang, M. Yeh, E. Zhemchugov
BUTTON-30 is a neutrino detector demonstrator located in the STFC Boulby underground facility in the north-east of England. The main goal of the project is to deploy and test the performance of the gadolinium-loaded water-based liquid scintillator for neutrino detection in an underground environment. This will pave the way for a future large-volume neutrino observatory that can also perform remote monitoring of nuclear reactors for nonproliferation. This paper describes the design and construction of the watertight optical modules of the experiment.
University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；University of Warwick（华威大学）；University of Liverpool（利物浦大学）；United Kingdom National Nuclear Laboratory（英国国家核实验室）；University of Sheffield（谢菲尔德大学）；STFC, Boulby Underground Laboratory（科学和技术设施委员会，鲍尔比地下实验室）；Brookhaven National Laboratory（布鲁克海文国家实验室）；University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）；University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）；University of California, Berkeley（加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校）；Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory（劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室）；Pacific Northwest National Laboratory（太平洋西北国家实验室）；University of California at Davis（加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校）；University of California, Irvine（加利福尼亚大学尔湾分校）
We present the development of a neutron detector array module made with $\textit{para}$-terphenyl, a bright, fast, n/$γ$ discriminating crystalline organic scintillator. The module is comprised of 2 cm $\times$ 2 cm $\times$ 2 cm $\textit{p}$-terphenyl crystals that have been optically coupled together to create a $\textit{pseudo-bar}$ module. While only relying on two photo detectors, the module is capable of distinguishing interactions between up to eight crystals. Furthermore, the module retains the $\textit{p}$-terphenyl's pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capability. Together this makes th…
Based on test-beam measurements, we study the response of a liquid-scintillator detector equipped with wavelength-shifting optical modules, that are proposed e.g. for the IceCube experiment and the SHiP experiment, and adiabatic light guides that are viewed either by a photomultiplier tube or by an array of silicon photomultipliers. We report on the efficiency, the time resolution and the detector response to different particle types and point out potential ways to improve the detector performance.
We report the first clear observation of neutron/gamma-ray pulse-shape sensitivity of a fully-instrumented 8 $\times$ 8 array of plastic scintillator segments coupled to two 5 cm $\times$ 5 cm 64-channel SiPM arrays as part of a study of the key metrics of a prototype antineutrino detector module designed for directional sensitivity. SANDD (a Segmented AntiNeutrino Directional Detector) will eventually comprise a central module of 64 elongated segments of $^{6}$Li-doped pulse-shape-sensitive scintillator rods, each with a square cross section of 5.4 mm $\times$ 5.4 mm, surrounded by larger cro…
The silicon-strip tracker of the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) consists of two double-sided silicon strip detectors (DSSDs) which provide incident particle tracking information. The low-noise analog ASIC VA140 was used in this study for DSSD signal readout. A beam test on the DSSD module was performed at the Beijing Test Beam Facility of the Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC) using a 400~800 MeV/c proton beam. The pedestal analysis results, RMSE noise, gain correction, and particle incident position reconstruction of the DSSD module are presented.
The Phase-II upgrade of the ATLAS detector for the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) includes the replacement of the current Inner Detector with an all-silicon tracker consisting of pixel and strip detectors. The current Phase-II detector layout requires the construction of 20,000 strip detector modules consisting of sensor, circuit boards and readout chips, which are connected mechanically using adhesives. The adhesive between readout chips and circuit board is a silver epoxy glue as was used in the current ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker (SCT). This glue has several disadvantages, w…
The SoLid experiment aims to resolve the reactor neutrino anomaly by searching for electron-to-sterile anti-neutrino oscillations. The search will be performed between 5.5 and 10 m from the highly enriched uranium core of the BR2 reactor at SCK-CEN. The experiment utilises a novel approach to anti-neutrino detection based on a highly segmented, composite scintillator detector design. High experimental sensitivity can be achieved using a combination of high neutron-gamma discrimination using 6 LiF:ZnS(Ag) and precise localisation of the inverse beta decay products. This compact detector system …
In this work, the simulation of optical photons is carried out in an antineutrino detector module consisting of a plastic scintillator connected to light guides and photomultipliers on both ends, which is considered to be used for remote reactor monitoring in the field of nuclear safety. Using Monte Carlo (MC) based GEANT4 simulation, numerous parameters influencing the light collection and thereby the energy resolution of the antineutrino detector module are studied: e.g., degrees of scintillator surface roughness, reflector type, and its ap- plying method onto scintillator and light guide su…
The Belle II experiment at the Super B factory SuperKEKB, an asymmetric $e^+e^-$ collider located in Tsukuba, Japan, is tailored to perform precision B physics measurements. The centre of mass energy of the collisions is equal to the rest mass of the $Υ(4S)$ resonance of $m_{Υ(4S)} = 10.58\,\rm GeV$. A high vertex resolution is essential for measuring the decay vertices of B mesons. Typical momenta of the decay products are ranging from a few tens of MeV to a few GeV and multiple scattering has a significant impact on the vertex resolution. The VerteX Detector (VXD) for Belle II is therefore d…
The thermal neutrons were registered using a two-detector module based on two planar Si detectors: with a neutron converter from natural metallic Gd and without a converter. To obtain thermal neutrons we used a 239Pu-Be(α,n) fast neutron source with a paraffin moderator. The measurements were carried out simultaneously by two detectors by processing two channels of registration with a special computer program. In experiments gamma radiation was not suppressed. The conversion electrons of the nuclear reaction Gd(n,γe)Gd were registered. We performed the registration of thermal neutrons with the…
During the summer of 2014, the CHIPS collaboration constructed and deployed CHIPS-M, a 26 ton prototype water Cherenkov detector in a flooded mine pit in Northern Minnesota, 7mrad off-axis from the NuMI neutrino beam. The detector will be recovered in summer 2015 after taking cosmic ray data throughout the winter to test the structure and materials, and the water filtration and pumping system. Geant4 simulations of generic water Cherenkov detectors with a variety of PMT types and layouts will be used to guide the design of a 10 kiloton module, intended to provide complementary information to c…
We compare existing segmented plastic antineutrino detectors with our new geometrically improved design for antineutrino detection and light collection efficiency. The purpose of this study is to determine the most suitable design style for remote reactor monitoring in the context of nuclear safeguards. Using Monte Carlo based GEANT4 simulation package, we perform detector simulation based on two prominent experiments: Plastic antineutrino detector array (Panda) and Core monitoring by reactor antineutrino detector (Cormorad). In addition to these two well-known designs, another concept, the Pa…
To test and calibrate various detectors in nuclear and high energy physics experiments, a general purposed calibration instrument has been developed. All information including timing, amplitude and charge of signals can be directly obtained to calibrate detector with this instrument by amplifying and digitizing the signal waveform. The system consists of two parts, a large dynamic range pre-amplifier module and a high speed and high-resolution digitization module. The pre-amplifier module based on programmable gain amplifier and attenuator achieves gain from -26.2 dB to 24.4 dB, making it suit…
The method for studying characteristics of the response of optical modules of neutrino telescopes to various classes of events registered in the volume of the Cherenkov water detector NEVOD is discussed. Results of testing of an optical module with Hamamatsu R877 photomultiplier in single muon events and in events with high energy deposit are presented.
In systems with multiple radiation detectors, time synchronization of the data collected from different detectors is essential to reconstruct multi-detector events such as scattering and coincidences. In cases where the number of detectors exceeds the readout channels in a single data acquisition electronics module, multiple modules have to be synchronized, which is traditionally accomplished by distributing clocks and triggers via dedicated connections. To eliminate this added cabling complexity in the case of a new radioactive gas detection system prototype under development at the French At…
Multiple types of high quality neutron detectors are proposed for the first phase of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS), which will be commissioned in 2018. Considering the shortage of 3He supply, a detector module composed of 49 boron-coated straws (BCS) was developed by Proportional Technologies Inc. (PTI). Each straw has a length of 1000 mm and a diameter of 7.5 mm. Seven straws are tightly packed in a tube, and seven tubes are organized in a row to form a detector module. The charge division method is used for longitudinal positioning. A specific readout system was utilized to outp…
The LHC will undergo a major upgrade starting in 2025 towards the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) to increase the instantaneous luminosity by a factor of 5 to 7 compared to the nominal value. The Phase-II Upgrade (2025-2027) will require the trigger and readout electronics of the ATLAS experiment to operate with the stringent conditions imposed by the HL-LHC. During this upgrade, both on- and off-detector readout electronics of TileCal will be completely replaced with a new data acquisition which will provide full-granularity information to the ATLAS trigger system. The Compact Processing Modules…
The alignment of the ATLAS Inner Detector is performed with a track-based algorithm. The aim of the detector alignment is to provide an accurate description of the detector geometry such that track parameters are accurately determined and bias free. The detector alignment is validated and improved by studying resonant decays ($J/ψ$ and $Z$ to $μ^+μ^-$). The detailed study of these resonances (together with the properties of the tracks of their decay products) allows to detect and correct for alignment weak modes such as detector curls and radial deformations that may bias the momentum and/or t…
The Tile PreProcessor (TilePPr) is the core element of the Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) off-detector electronics for High-luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The TilePPr comprises FPGA-based boards to operate and read out the TileCal on-detector electronics. The Tile Computer on Module (TileCoM) mezzanine is embedded within TilePPr to carry out three main functionalities. These include remote configuration of on-detector electronics and TilePPr FPGAs, interface the TilePPr with the ATLAS Trigger and Data Acquisition (TDAQ) system, and interfacing the TilePPr with the ATLAS Detector Contro…
A Time Projection Chamber (TPC) using micro-pattern gas detectors is planned as the main tracking device for a detector at the next Linear Collider. A novel support structure for Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs), which minimizes the material and improves the flatness of the foils, has been developed and tested with multiple GEM modules in a large TPC prototype at DESY. Reducing dead material at the GEM module boundaries improves the field homogeneity. In addition, it was shown in simulation that a field shaping ring at the border of the module can improve the charge collection in regions with n…
The inner silicon detector of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment (CMS) at CERN's LHC consists of 16588 modules. Charged-particle tracks in the detector are used to improve the accuracy to which the position and orientation of the modules is known. This contribution focuses on the Millepede-II algorithm, one of the two alignment algorithms used by CMS. Recently an advanced track model has been introduced into the CMS alignment procedure, which is based on the "Broken Lines" model and is able to take multiple Coulomb scattering in the detector material properly into account. We show the unique…
The KM3NeT neutrino telescope will be composed of many optical modules, each of them containing 31 (3") photomultipliers, connected to a Central Logic Board. The Central Logic Board integrates Time to Digital Converters that measure Time Over Threshold of the photomulti- pliers signals while White Rabbit is used for the optical modules time synchronization. Auxiliary boards have also been designed and built in order to test and extend the performance of the Cen- tral Logic Board. The Central Logic Board, as well as the auxiliary boards, will be presented by focusing on the design consideration…
The Inner Tracker of the LHCb experiment is a silicon microstrip detector consisting of 336 detector modules with either one or two sensors. The module production is now underway and we present here the setup employed for module testing during the production. The setup is based on the same electronics that will be used in the final experiment. We perform burn-in and ageing tests with the help of a custom made Temperature Cycling Box controlled with LabVIEW under Windows. The DAQ is done in another PC running Linux. Here we integrate the different C/C++ libraries used to communicate to the LHCb…
Hit-rate capability of a silicon strip detector module for decay positron detection in the J-PARC muon $g-2$/EDM experiment
Niigata University（新潟大学）；Kyushu University（九州大学）；High Energy Accelerator Research Organization（高能加速器研究机构）；Nagoya University（名古屋大学）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；National Institute of Technology, Toyama College（国立高专富山高等专门学校）
Modern unmanned technologies make it possible to implement them in almost all industries, including radiation monitoring. Already in 2011, at the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, the first drones were demonstrated to measure the radiation background of the territories. Improvement of such devices is one of the topical directions. Our research team has proposed the concept of a gamma radiation detector module for unmanned aerial vehicles. The concept is represented by a matrix of modernized silicon photomultipliers based on silicon structures. The new structures have a design of deep pix…
The ATLAS Collaboration will upgrade its semiconductor pixel tracking detector with a new Insertable B-layer (IBL) between the existing pixel detector and the vacuum pipe of the Large Hadron Collider. The extreme operating conditions at this location have necessitated the development of new radiation hard pixel sensor technologies and a new front-end readout chip, called the FE-I4. Planar pixel sensors and 3D pixel sensors have been investigated to equip this new pixel layer, and prototype modules using the FE-I4A have been fabricated and characterized using 120 GeV pions at the CERN SPS and 4…
The Solenoidal Tracker At RHIC (STAR) uses the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to perform tracking and particle identification. In order to improve the corrections (such as space charge) and monitor non-static distortions of the TPC, GEM-based chambers (GMT) were installed at eight locations outside the TPC where they will provide optimal sensitivity to the distortions. In order to reach this goal, the ionization clusters were measured by using the ADC signals in each module. The positions of clusters and their deviations from track projections enabled alignment of the GMT modules with respect t…
The International Large Detector (ILD) --a detector concept for the International Linear Collider (ILC)-- foresees a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) as its main tracking detector. Currently, the R&D efforts for such a TPC focus on studies using a large prototype that can accommodate up to seven read-out modules which are comparable to the ones that would be used in the final ILD TPC. The DESY TPC group has developed such a module using GEMs for the gas amplification, which are mounted on thin ceramic frames. The module design and first results of a test beam campaign are presented.
Two modules of the AD detector have been studied with the test beam at the T10 facility at CERN. The AD detector is made of scintillator pads read out by wave-length shifters (WLS)coupled to clean fibres that carry the produced light to photo-multiplier tubes (PMTs). In ALICE the AD is used to trigger and study the physics of diffractive and ultra-peripheral collisions as well as for a variety of technical tasks like beam-gas background monitoring or as a luminometer. The position dependence of the modules' efficiency has been measured and the effect of hits on the WLS or PMTs has been evaluat…
Single Photon Counting X-ray Imaging with Si and CdTe Single Chip Pixel Detectors and Multichip Pixel Modules
多芯片模块（MCM）与4个单光子计数MPEC 2.3芯片凸块键合到1.3厘米× 1.3厘米的大碲化镉和硅半导体传感器，以及单芯片像素探测器已成功地建立和运行。MPEC 2.3芯片提供高达1 MHz的像素计数速率、18位的大动态范围、2个计数器和具有连续可调阈值的能量窗口。每个MPEC具有200 um x 200 um像素大小的32 x 32像素。对于MCM，4个芯片被布置在2 x 2阵列中，这导致64 x 64传感器像素几何形状。的MCM结构进行了描述，并显示了不同的探测器的成像性能。作为读出系统，一个新开发的USB系统已被使用。
A measurement has been made of the radiation damage incurred by the ATLAS Pixel Detector barrel silicon modules from the beginning of operations through the end of 2012. This translates to hadronic fluence received over the full period of operation at energies up to and including 8 TeV. The measurement is based on a per-module measurement of the silicon sensor leakage current. The results are presented as a function of integrated luminosity and compared to predictions by the Hamburg Model. This information can be used to predict limits on the lifetime of the Pixel Detector due to current, for …
InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) working in the regime of GHz clock rates are crucial components for the high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD). We have developed for the first time a compact, stable and user-friendly tabletop InGaAs/InP single-photon detector system operating at a 1.25 GHz gate rate that fully integrates functions for controlling and optimizing SPAD performance. We characterize the key parameters of the detector system and test the long-term stability of the system for continuous operation of 75 hours. The detector system can substantially enhance QKD perf…
Detection of $γ$-ray polarization in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is as yet an unexploited feature that could be used as an additional handle to improve signal-to-background ratio in this imaging modality. The $γ$ polarization is related to the azimuthal angle in the Compton scattering process, so the initial correlation of polarizations of the annihilation quanta translates to the correlation of the azimuthal angles in events where both annihilation photons undergo Compton scattering. This results in a modulated distribution of the azimuthal angle difference for true events, while this …
The upgrade to the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider will pose unprecedented challenges to the tracking systems of all experiments. Recent advancement of active pixel detectors designed in CMOS processes provide attractive alternatives to the well-established hybrid design using passive sensors. This article presents studies with a high-voltage CMOS active pixel sensor designed for the ATLAS tracker upgrade. The sensor is glued to the read-out chip of the Insertable B-Layer. The device under test is structured in smaller pixels than those of the attached read-out chip with information on t…
Online selection is an essential step to collect the most relevant collisions from the very large number of collisions inside the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Fast TracKer (FTK) is a hardware based track finder, built to greatly improve the ATLAS trigger system capabilities for identifying interesting physics processes through track-based signatures. The FTK is reconstructing after each Level-1 trigger all tracks with $ p_{\textrm T}>1 $ GeV, such that the high-level trigger system gains access to track information at an early stage. FTK track reconstruction starts wi…
The ATLAS Forward Proton (AFP) detector is designed to identify events in which one or two protons emerge intact from the LHC collisions. AFP will consist of a tracking detector, to measure the momentum of the protons, and a time of flight system to reduce the background from multiple proton-proton interactions. Following an extensive qualification period, 3D silicon pixel sensors were selected for the AFP tracker. The sensors were produced at CNM (Barcelona) during 2014. The tracker module assembly and quality control was performed at IFAE during 2015. The assembly of the first AFP arm and th…
Both the current upgrades to accelerator-based HEP detectors (e.g. ATLAS, CMS) and also future projects (e.g. CEPC, FCC) feature large-area silicon-based tracking detectors. We are investigating the feasibility of using CMOS foundries to fabricate silicon radiation detectors, both for pixels and for large-area strip sensors. A successful proof of concept would open the market potential of CMOS foundries to the HEP community, which would be most beneficial in terms of availability, throughput and cost. In addition, the availability of multi-layer routing of signals will provide the freedom to o…
ANTS2 is a simulation and data processing package developed for position sensitive detectors with Anger camera type readout. The simulation module of ANTS2 is based on ROOT package from CERN, which is used to store the detector geometry and to perform 3D navigation. The module is capable of simulating particle sources, performing particle tracking, generating photons of primary and secondary scintillation, tracing optical photons and generating photosensor signals. The reconstruction module features several position reconstruction methods based on the statistical reconstruction algorithms (inc…
For the International Large Detector (ILD) at the planned International Linear Collider (ILC) a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is foreseen as the main tracking detector. To achieve the required point resolution, Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD) will be used in the amplification stage. A readout module using a stack of three Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) for gas amplification was developed at DESY and tested at the DESY II Test Beam Facility. After introducing the readout module and the infrastructure at the test beam facility, the performance related to single point and double-hit resolu…
The complex system of the CMS all-silicon Tracker, with 15\,148 silicon strip and 1440 silicon pixel modules, requires sophisticated alignment procedures. In order to achieve an optimal track-parameter resolution, the position and orientation of its modules need to be determined with a precision of few micrometers. The alignment of pixels modules is crucial for the analyses requiring a precise vertex reconstruction. The aligned geometry is based on the analysis of several million reconstructed tracks recorded during the commissioning of the CMS experiment, both with cosmic rays and with the fi…
IceCube is a neutrino observatory at Earth's South Pole that uses glacial ice as detector medium. Secondary particles from neutrino interactions produce Cherenkov light, which is detected by an array of photo detectors deployed within the ice. In distinction from the glacial bulk ice, hole ice is the refrozen water in the drill holes around the detector modules, and is expected to have different optical properties than the bulk ice. Aiming to improve detector precision, this study presents a new method to simulate the propagation of light through the hole ice, introducing several new calibrati…
The SuperNEMO detector will search for neutrinoless double beta decay at the Modane Underground Laboratory on the French-Italian border. This decay mode, if observed, would be proof that the neutrino is its own antiparticle, would constitute evidence for total lepton number violation, and could allow a measurement of the absolute neutrino mass. The SuperNEMO experiment is designed to reach a half-life sensitivity of $10^{26}$ years corresponding to an effective Majorana neutrino mass of $50-100~$meV. The SuperNEMO detector design allows complete topological reconstruction of the double beta de…
