We say that a ring is strongly (resp. weakly) left Jacobson if every semiprime (resp. prime) left ideal is an intersection of maximal left ideals. There exist Jacobson rings that are not weakly left Jacobson, e.g. the Weyl algebra. Our main result is the following one-sided noncommutative Nullstellensatz: For any finite-dimensional F-algebra A the ring A[$x_1$,...,$x_n$] of polynomials with coefficients in A is strongly left Jacobson and every maximal left ideal of A[$x_1$,...,$x_n$] has finite codimension. We also prove that an Azumaya algebra is strongly left Jacobson iff its center is Jacobson and that an algebra that is a finitely generated module over its center is weakly left Jacobson iff it is Jacobson.
It was shown by Bergman that the Jacobson radical of a Z-graded ring is homogeneous. This paper shows that the analogous result holds for nil rings, namely, that the nil radical of a Z-graded ring is homogeneous. It is obvious that a subring of a nil ring is nil, but generally a subring of a Jacobson radical ring need not be a Jacobson radical ring. In this paper it is shown that every subring which is generated by homogeneous elements in a graded Jacobson radical ring is always a Jacobson radical ring. It is also observed that a ring whose all subrings are Jacobson radical rings is nil. Some …
We answer a question by Shestakov on the Jacobson radical in differential polynomial rings. We show that if R is a locally nilpotent ring with a derivation D then R[X;D] need not be Jacobson radical. We also show that J(R[X;D])\cap R is a nil ideal of R in the case where D is a locally nilpotent derivation and R is an algebra over an uncountable field.
We present new generalized Cline's formula and Jacobson's lemma for the g-Drazin inverse in a ring. These extend many known results, e.g., Chen and Abdolyousefi (Generalized Jacobson's Lemma in a Banach algebra, Comm. Algebra, {\bf 49}(2021), 3263--3272), Yan and Zeng (The generalized inverses of the products of two elements in a ring, Turk. J. Math., {\bf 44}(2020), 1744--1756).
It is well-known that the Jacobson radical of a unital ring is its largest superfluous right ideal. It is recorded here that the result carries over to non-unital rings provided the notion of "superfluous" is taken relative to all regular ideals.
Given a t.u.p.-semigroup (two unique product semigroup) $X$, we show if $R$ is an $X$-graded ring then both its nilradical and Jacobson radical are homogeneous. This partially answers questions of Smoktunowicz and Jespers.
In [1], finite associative rings wih identity and such that the set of all zero-divisors form and ideal M, called the Jacobson Radical, of cube zero and square non-zero, were constructed for all the characteristics. These rings are completely primary and we call them rings with property(T). In this paper, we associate with each ring with property(T) and characteristic p, invariants (integers) and determine (in certain cases) the number of isomorphism classes of these rings with given invariants.
Let $R$ be a ring satisfying a polynomial identity and let $D$ be a derivation of $R$. We consider the Jacobson radical of the skew polynomial ring $R[x;D]$ with coefficients in $R$ and with respect to $D$, and show that $J(R[x;D])\cap R$ is a nil $D$-ideal. This extends a result of Ferrero, Kishimoto, and Motose, who proved this in the case when $R$ is commutative.
The Jacobson-Bourbaki Theorem for division rings was formulated in terms of corings by Sweedler in 1975. Finiteness conditions hypotheses are not required in this new approach. In this paper we extend Sweedler's result to simple artinian rings using a particular class of corings, comatrix corings. A Jacobson-Bourbaki like correspondence for simple artinian rings is then obtained by duality.
Let $R$ be an associative ring with unit $1$, and $a, b, c\in R$ satisfy $a(ba)^{2}=abaca=acaba=(ac)^{2}a$, this paper proves that $1-ac$ has generalized Drazin inverse (Drazin inverse, pseudo Drazin inverse, respectively) if and only if $1-ba$ has generalized Drazin inverse (Drazin inverse, pseudo Drazin inverse, respectively). In particular, we obtain new common spectral properties for $ac$ and $ba$ in Banach algebras. As applications, new extension of Jacobson's lemma for B-Fredholm elements and generalized Fredholm elements in rings is established.
We introduce graded gamma rings from a more general point of view via methods developed by Krasner and Halberstadt for graded rings. We propose three equivalent aspects of studying graded gamma rings, nonhomogeneous, semihomogeneous and homogeneous. The graded Jacobson radical of a graded gamma ring is introduced and its elementwise description is given. Also, a relation between the graded Jacobson radical and the Jacobson radical of a graded gamma ring is examined.
We give a positive answer to a conjecture of Faith stating that a self-injective semiprimary ring is QF, for algebras which are at most countable dimensional modulo their Jacobson radical. As a consequence of the method used, we also give short proofs of several other known positive cases of this conjecture.
Let $R$ be a ring with identity $1$. Jacobson's lemma states that for any $a,b\in R$, if $1-ab$ is invertible then so is $1-ba$. Jacobson's lemma has suitable analogues for several types of generalized inverses, e.g., Drazin inverse, generalized Drazin inverse, and inner inverse. In this note we give a constructive way via Groebner-Shirshov basis theory to obtain the inverse of $1-ab$ in terms of $(1-ba)^{-1}$, assuming the latter exists.
We give a characterization of those abelian groups which are direct sums of cyclic groups and the Jacobson radical of their endomorphism rings are closed. A complete characterization of $p$-groups $A$ for which $(EndA,\mathcal T_L)$ is locally compact, where $\mathcal T_L$ is the Liebert topology on $EndA$, is given. We prove that if $A$ is a countable elementary $p$-group then $EndA$ has a non-admissible ring topology. To every functorial topology on $A$ a right bounded ring topology on $EndA$ is attached. By using this topology we construct on $EndA$ a non-metrizable and non-admissibe ring t…
Let $R$ be a commutative ring with a non-zero identity and $\mathfrak{J}_R$ be its Jacobson graph. We show that if $R$ and $R'$ are finite commutative rings, then $\mathfrak{J}_R\cong\mathfrak{J}_{R'}$ if and only if $|J(R)|=|J(R')|$ and $R/J(R)\cong R'/J(R')$. Also, for a Jacobson graph $\mathfrak{J}_R$, we obtain the structure of group $\mathrm{Aut}(\mathfrak{J}_R)$ of all automorphisms of $\mathfrak{J}_R$ and prove that under some conditions two semi-simple rings $R$ and $R'$ are isomorphic if and only if $\mathrm{Aut}(\mathfrak{J}_R)\cong\mathrm{Aut}(\mathfrak{J}_{R'})$.
For a field $K$, let $\mathcal{R}$ denote the Jacobson algebra $K\langle X, Y \ | \ XY=1\rangle$. We give an explicit construction of the injective envelope of each of the (infinitely many) simple left $\mathcal{R}$-modules. Consequently, we obtain an explicit description of a minimal injective cogenerator for $\mathcal{R}$. Our approach involves realizing $\mathcal{R}$ up to isomorphism as the Leavitt path $K$-algebra of an appropriate graph $\mathcal{T}$, which thereby allows us to utilize important machinery developed for that class of algebras.
We introduce a notion of depth three tower of three rings C < B < A as a useful generalization of depth two ring extension. If A = End B_C and B | C is a Frobenius extension, this also captures the notion of depth three for a Frobenius extension in math.RA/0107064 and math.RA/0108067 such that if B | C is depth three, then A | C is depth two (cf. math.QA/0001020). If A, B and C correspond to a tower of subgroups G > H > K via the group algebra over a fixed base ring, the depth three condition is the condition that subgroup K has normal closure K^G contained in H. For a depth three tower of rin…
We give a method to study the finiteness of the coradical filtration of a coalgebra; as a consequence, we show that a left semiartinian profinite algebra has nilpotent Jacobson radical and is right semiartinian too. Equivalently, we show that a for a semilocal profinite algebra, T-nilpotence implies nilpotence for the Jacobson radical. This answers two open questions from \cite{INT}.
A well-known theorem by S.A. Amitsur shows that the Jacobson radical of the polynomial ring R[x] equals I[x] for some nil ideal I of R. In this paper, however, we show that this is not the case for differential polynomial rings, by proving that there is a ring R which is not nil and a derivation D on R such that the differential polynomial ring R[x; D] is Jacobson radical. We also show that, on the other hand, the Amitsur theorem holds for a differential polynomial ring R[x; D], provided that D is a locally nilpotent derivation and R is an algebra over a field of characteristic p>0.
Let $B$ be a finitely generated algebra over a field $k$. Then $B$ is called a Jacobson algebra if every semiprime ideal of $B$ is semiprimitive. We will discuss several conditions, all involving the commutant of simple $B$-modules, which imply that $B$ is Jacobson. In particular, we will recover the well-known result that every finitely generated almost commutative algebra is Jacobson. The same holds true for $\mathbb{N}$-filtered $k$-algebras $B$ with a locally finite filtration such that the associated graded $k$-algebra is left-noetherian.
An element $a$ in a ring $R$ is strongly J-clean if it is the sum of an idempotent and an element in the Jacobson radical that commutes. We characterize the strongly J-clean $2\times 2$ matrices over 2-projective-free non-commutative rings.
It is proved that if a left brace $A$ has the operation $\ast$ associative, then $A$ is a two-sided brace. Consequently, $A$ is a Jacobson radical ring. This answers a question of Cedó, Gateva-Ivanova and Smoktunowicz.
Given a unital associative ring S and a subring R, we say that S is an ideal (or Dorroh) extension of R if for some ideal I of S, S = R + I, where the sum is direct. In this note we investigate the ideal structure of an arbitrary ideal extension of an arbitrary ring R. In particular, we describe the Jacobson and upper nil radicals of such a ring, in terms of the Jacobson and upper nil radicals of R, and we determine when such a ring is prime and when it is semiprime. We also classify all the prime and maximal ideals of an ideal extension S of R, under certain assumptions on the ideal I. These …
Let R be a ring (not necessarily with 1) and G be a finite group of automorphisms of R. The set B(R, G) of primes p such that p | |G| and R is not p-torsion free, is called the set of bad primes. When the ring is |G|-torsion free, i.e., B(R, G) is empty set, the properties of the rings R and R^G are closely connected. The aim of the paper is to show that this is also true when B(R, G) is not empty set under natural conditions on bad primes. In particular, it is shown that the Jacobson radical (resp., the prime radical) of the ring R^G is equal to the intersection of the Jacobson radical (resp.…
In sharp contrast to the Abrams-Rangaswamy Theorem that the only von Neumann regular Leavitt path algebras are exactly those associated to acyclic graphs, here we prove that the Leavitt path algebra of any arbitrary graph is a graded von Neumann regular ring. Several properties of Leavitt path algebras, such as triviality of the Jacobson radical, flatness of graded modules and finitely generated graded right (left) ideals being generated by an idempotent element, follow as a consequence of general theory of grade von Neumann regular rings.
We prove that an integral Jacobson radical ring is always nil, which extends a well known result from algebras over fields to rings. As a consequence we show that if every element x of a ring R is a zero of some polynomial p_x with integer coefficients, such that p_x(1)=1, then R is a nil ring. With these results we are able to give new characterizations of the upper nilradical of a ring and a new class of rings that satisfy the Köthe conjecture, namely the integral rings.
A characterization of right (left) quasi-duo skew polynomial rings of endomorphism type and skew Laurent polynomial rings are given. In particular, it is shown that (1) the polynomial ring R[x] is right quasi-duo iff R[x] is commutative modulo its Jacobson radical iff R[x] is left quasi-duo, (2) the skew Laurent polynomial ring is right quasi-duo iff it is left quasi-duo. These extend some known results concerning a description of quasi-duo polynomial rings and give a partial answer to the question posed by Lam and Dugas whether right quasi-duo rings are left quasi-duo.
A ring with an involution * is called strongly $J$-*-clean if every element is a sum of a projection and an element of the Jacobson radical that commute. In this article, we prove several results characterizing this class of rings. It is shown that a *-ring $R$ is strongly $J$-*-clean, if and only if $R$ is uniquely clean and strongly *-clean, if and only if $R$ is uniquely strongly *-clean, that is, for any $a\in R$, there exists a unique projection $e\in R$ such that $a-e$ is invertible and $ae=ea$.
We consider applications of a finitary version of the Affine Representability theorem, which follows from recent work of Belov-Kanel, Rowen, and Vishne. Using this result we are able to show that when given a finite set of polynomial identities, there is an algorithm that terminates after a finite number of steps which decides whether these identities force a ring to be commutative. We then revisit old commutativity theorems of Jacobson and Herstein in light of this algorithm and obtain general results in this vein. In addition, we completely characterize the homogeneous multilinear identities…
Two criteria are given for a ring to have a left Noetherian left quotient ring (this was an open problem since 70's). It is proved that each such ring has only finitely many maximal left denominator sets.
A new class of rings, {\em the class of weakly left localizable rings}, is introduced. A ring $R$ is called {\em weakly left localizable} if each non-nilpotent element of $R$ is invertible in some left localization $S^{-1}R$ of the ring $R$. Explicit criteria are given for a ring to be a weakly left localizable ring provided the ring has only finitely many maximal left denominator sets (eg, this is the case if a ring has a left Artinian left quotient ring). It is proved that a ring with finitely many maximal left denominator sets that satisfies some natural conditions is a weakly left localiza…
Let $R$ be a ring, $\CC_R$ and $\pCCR$ be the set of regular and left regular elements of $R$ ($\CC_R\subseteq \pCCR$). Goldie's Theorem is a semisimplicity criterion for the classical left quotient ring $Q_{l,cl}(R):=\CC_R^{-1}R$. Semisimplicity criteria are given for the classical left regular left quotient ring $'Q_{l,cl}(R):=\pCCR^{-1}R$. As a corollary, two new semisimplicity criteria for $Q_{l,cl}(R)$ are obtained (in the spirit of Goldie).
Small (1966), Robson (1967), Tachikawa (1971) and Hajarnavis (1972) have given different criteria for a ring to have a left Artinian left quotient ring. In this paper, three more new criteria are given.
We extend existing results on locally nilpotent differential polynomial rings to skew extensions of rings. We prove that if $\mathscr{G}=\{σ_t\}_{t\in T}$ is a locally finite family of automorphisms of an algebra $R$, $\mathscr{D}=\{δ_t\}_{t\in T}$ is a family of skew derivations of $R$ such that the prime radical $P$ of $R$ is strongly invariant under $\mathscr{D}$, then the ideal $P\langle T,\mathscr{G},\mathscr{D}\rangle^*$ of $R\langle T,\mathscr{G},\mathscr{D}\rangle$, generated by $P$, is locally nilpotent. We then apply this result to algebras with locally nilpotent derivations. We prov…
For 2 by 2 matrices over commutative rings, we prove a characterization theorem for left stable range 1 elements, we show that the stable range 1 property is left-right symmetric (also) at element level, we show that all matrices with one zero row (or zero column) over Bezout rings have stable range 1. Using diagonal reduction, we characterize all the 2 by 2 integral matrices which have stable range 1 and discuss additional properties including Jacobson Lemma for stable range 1 elements. Finally, we give an example of exchange stable range 1 integral 2 by 2 matrix which is not clean.
It is well-known that each left ideals in a matrix rings over a finite field is generated by an idempotent matrix. In this work we compute the number of left ideals in these rings, the number of different idempotents generating each left ideal, and give explicitly a set of idempotent generators of all left ideals of a given rank.
The left quotient ring (i.e. the left classical ring of fractions) $Q_{cl}(R)$ of a ring $R$ does not always exist and still, in general, there is no good understanding of the reason why this happens. In this paper, it is proved existence of the largest left quotient ring $Q_l(R)$, i.e. $Q_l(R) = S_0(R)^{-1}R$ where $S_0(R)$ is the largest left regular denominator set of $R$. It is proved that $Q_l(Q_l(R))=Q_l(R)$; the ring $Q_l(R)$ is semi-simple iff $Q_{cl}(R)$ exists and is semi-simple; moreover, if the ring $Q_l(R)$ is left artinian then $Q_{cl}(R)$ exists and $Q_l(R) = Q_{cl}(R)$. The gro…
This paper presents the right-left symmetry of the CS and max-min CS conditions on nonsingular rings, and generalization to nonsingular modules. We prove that a ring is right nonsingular right CS and left Utumi if and only if it is left nonsingular left CS and right Utumi. A nonsingular Utumi ring is right max (resp. right min, right max-min) CS if and only if it is left min (resp. left max, left max-min) CS. In addition, a semiprime nonsingular ring is right max-min CS with finite right uniform dimension if and only if it is left max-min CS with finite left uniform dimension.
Goldie's Theorem (1960), which is one of the most important results in Ring Theory, is a criterion for a ring to have a semisimple left quotient ring. The aim of the paper is to give four new criteria (using a completely different approach and new ideas). The first one is based on the recent fact that for an arbitrary ring $R$ the set $\CM$ of maximal left denominator sets of $R$ is a non-empty set: Theorem (The First Criterion). A ring $R$ has a semisimple left quotient ring $Q$ iff $\CM $ is a finite set, $\bigcap_{S\in \CM} \ass (S) =0$ and, for each $S\in \CM$, the ring $S^{-1}R$ is a simp…
A ring $R$ is called a left APP-ring if the left annihilator $l_{R}(Ra)$ is right $s$-unital as an ideal of $R$ for any $a\in R$. Let $R$ be a ring, $(S,\leq)$ a strictly ordered monoid and $ω:S\longrightarrow {\rm End}(R)$ a monoid homomorphism. The skew generalized power series ring $[[R^{S,\leq},ω]]$ is a common generalization of (skew) polynomial rings, (skew) power series rings, (skew) Laurent polynomial rings, (skew) group rings, and Malcev-Neumann Laurent series rings. We study the left APP-property of the skew generalized power series ring $[[R^{S,\leq},ω]]$. It is shown that if $(S,\l…
We answer in negative two of questions posed in [4]. We also establish a new characterization of semiprime left Goldie rings by showing that a semiprime ring R is left Goldie iff it is regular left fusible and has finite left Goldie dimension.
A ring satisfies the left Beachy-Blair condition if each of its faithful left ideal is cofaithful. Every left zip ring satisfies the left Beachy-Blair condition, but both properties are not equivalent. In this paper we will study the similarities and the differences between zip rings and rings with the Beachy-Blair condition. We will also study the relationship between the Beachy-Blair condition of a ring and its skew polynomial and skew power series extensions. We give an example of a right zip ring that is not left zip, proving that the zip property is not symmetric.
