冰盖模拟存在大量参数不确定性,例如基底滑动边界条件或地热通量。量化预测中由此产生的不确定性对支持明智决策至关重要,但高保真度模拟成本过高,无法嵌入不确定性量化(UQ)计算中。UQ方法通常采用Monte Carlo模拟来估计目标统计量,这需要数百次(甚至更多)冰盖模拟。成本更低的低保真度模型唾手可得(例如近似物理模型、更粗的网格),但用低保真度替代模型替换高保真度模型会引入偏差,这意味着使用低保真度模型生成的UQ结果无法得到严格可信的验证。多保真度UQ保留高保真度模型,但扩展估计器以将计算转移到低保真度模型上,同时仍能保证无偏估计。通过利用多种模型,多保真度估计器能够以更低的计算成本保证目标精度。本文提出了一套面向冰盖模拟的综合多保真度UQ框架。我们提出了三种多保真度UQ方法——Multifidelity Monte Carlo(多保真度蒙特卡洛)、Multilevel Monte Carlo(多层蒙特卡洛)和Best Linear Unbiased Estimator(最优线性无偏估计器)——可实现大陆尺度冰盖模拟的可处理UQ。我们在格陵兰冰盖模型上验证了这些技术,用于估计2015-2050年的冰量损失,通过与Monte Carlo模拟对比验证了其估计结果,并给出了性能对比分析。对于95%置信度下等效于1毫米海平面上升贡献的目标精度,多保真度估计器实现了两个数量级的计算加速。
英文摘要:
Ice sheet simulations suffer from vast parametric uncertainties, such as the basal sliding boundary condition or geothermal heat flux. Quantifying the resulting uncertainties in predictions is of utmost importance to support judicious decision-making, but high-fidelity simulations are too expensive to embed within uncertainty quantification (UQ) computations. UQ methods typically employ Monte Carlo simulation to estimate statistics of interest, which requires hundreds (or more) of ice sheet simulations. Cheaper low-fidelity models are readily available (e.g., approximated physics, coarser meshes), but replacing the high-fidelity model with a lower fidelity surrogate introduces bias, which means that UQ results generated with a low-fidelity model cannot be rigorously trusted. Multifidelity UQ retains the high-fidelity model but expands the estimator to shift computations to low-fidelity models, while still guaranteeing an unbiased estimate. Through this exploitation of multiple models, multifidelity estimators guarantee a target accuracy at reduced computational cost. This paper presents a comprehensive multifidelity UQ framework for ice sheet simulations. We present three multifidelity UQ approaches -- Multifidelity Monte Carlo, Multilevel Monte Carlo, and the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator -- that enable tractable UQ for continental-scale ice sheet simulations. We demonstrate the techniques on a model of the Greenland ice sheet to estimate the 2015-2050 ice mass loss, verify their estimates through comparison with Monte Carlo simulations, and give a comparative performance analysis. For a target accuracy equivalent to 1 mm sea level rise contribution at 95% confidence, the multifidelity estimators achieve computational speedups of two orders of magnitude.
Exploring the conditions conducive to convection within the Greenland Ice Sheet
Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(NASA戈达德太空飞行中心冰冻圈科学实验室);Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Planetary Physics, University of Oxford(牛津大学大气、海洋与行星物理系);Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bergen(卑尔根大学地球科学系);Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research(比尔耶斯气候研究中心)
Development of a finite element firn densification model for converting volume changes to mass changes
在冰盖质量增加的地区,有一层50-200米的老雪,称为积雪,在夏天的几个月里不会融化。积雪的密度约为917 kg m^-3,这是雪转化为冰川冰的结果。积雪致密化的过程至少在两个方面是重要的:1)它可以是观测到的表面高程变化率的主要组成部分,2)在低密度积雪层中储存的液态水现在被认为是冰盖质量平衡的关键组成部分。如果地表高度的变化率可以等同于冰盖质量的变化率,我们就有了一个监测冰盖质量平衡的极好手段。然而,要从体积变化率推断质量变化率,就需要了解积雪致密化率。已经为没有融化的地区建立了几个积雪模型。我们已经重新制定了这些模型与有限元软件包FEniCS和集成它们与一个campy制定。这种整合使我们能够解释积雪层融化和随后重新冻结成冰透镜体的原因。
University of Venice(威尼斯大学);Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council(国家研究委员会极地科学研究所);University of California Irvine(加州大学尔湾分校);Jet Propulsion Laboratory(喷气推进实验室);Dartmouth College(达特茅斯学院);Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen(哥本哈根大学尼尔斯玻尔研究所)
Physics-constrained generative machine learning-based high-resolution downscaling of Greenland's surface mass balance and surface temperature
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway(乌塔大学科学与技术学院数学与统计学系);Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research(波茨坦气候影响研究所);Technical University of Munich(慕尼黑技术大学);School of Engineering & Design, Earth System Modelling(工程与设计学院,地球系统建模);Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research(阿尔弗雷德· Wegener 研究院,极地与海洋研究中心)
ETH Zurich(苏黎世联邦理工学院);Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)(瑞士森林、雪和景观研究所);University of Bergen(卑尔根大学);Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research(比约恩斯气候研究中心);NORCE Norwegian Research Centre(挪威研究中心)