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arXiv 2409.19604astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GA
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第三次挖掘对 Mira 变星质量损失的影响

The impact of third dredge-up on the mass loss of Mira variables

S. Uttenthaler, S. Shetye, A. Nanni, B. Aringer, K. Eriksson, I. McDonald, D. Gobrecht, S. Höfner, U. Wolter, S. Cristallo, K. Bernhard

AI总结:

本文通过新光谱和红外数据研究第三次挖掘对 Mira 变星质量损失的影响,发现贫 Tc 与富 Tc 的 Mira 变星气体质量损失率无系统差异,但贫 Tc 者膨胀速度和中红外发射更高,表明两者尘埃性质不同。

摘要:

背景:低质量和中等质量恒星演化晚期质量损失过程的细节尚未被充分理解,尤其是其对恒星参数的依赖关系。Mira 变星是研究这一质量损失过程的非常适合的目标。目的:我们在此前发现的基础上继续研究,此前发现近中红外颜色与脉动周期图显示出两条 Mira 变星序列,可以通过这些恒星中的第三次挖掘(3DUP)指示元素锝(Tc)来区分。虽然红外颜色是 Mira 变星尘埃质量损失率(MLR)的良好指示器,但尚未发现使用气体质量损失率的相应序列。然而,气体质量损失率的研究一直受到数据限制的阻碍。我们旨在通过新的观测数据来缓解这些限制。方法:我们展示了一个经过精心挑选的 Mira 变星样本的新光学光谱。我们在这些光谱中搜索 Tc 和其他 3DUP 指示元素的吸收线,并将我们的发现与文献中的气体质量损失率和膨胀速度相结合。此外,我们分析了 WISE 中红外数据,并比较了含 Tc 和不含 Tc 的 Mira 变星的宽带光谱能量分布(SED)。结果:我们发现含 Tc 和不含 Tc 的 Mira 变星在气体质量损失率上没有系统性差异。然而,贫 Tc 的 Mira 变星的气体包层似乎比含 Tc 的 Mira 变星具有更高的膨胀速度。此外,我们对红外测光的分析有力地证实了此前的发现,即贫 Tc 的 Mira 变星比富 Tc 的 Mira 变星具有更高的中红外发射,差异最高可达两倍。我们用 DARWIN 和稳态风模型对红外颜色进行建模,并得出结论:含 Tc 和不含 Tc 的 Mira 变星具有不同的尘埃含量或尘埃性质。结论:我们讨论了关于这些观测结果的几种假设,并得出结论:3DUP 对碳的挖掘导致自由氧减少,以及富 Tc 恒星中铁耗尽的尘埃颗粒,是对我们观测结果最有说服力的解释。

英文摘要:

Context: The details of the mass-loss process in the late stages of low- and intermediate-mass stellar evolution are not well understood, in particular its dependence on stellar parameters. Mira variables are highly suitable targets for studying this mass-loss process. Aims: We follow up on our earlier finding that a near-to-mid-infrared colour vs. pulsation period diagram shows two sequences of Miras that can be distinguished by the third dredge-up (3DUP) indicator technetium in those stars. While IR colours are good indicators of the dust mass-loss rate (MLR) from Miras, no corresponding sequences have been found using the gas MLR. However, investigations of the gas MLR have been hampered by data limitations. We aim to alleviate these limitations with new observational data. Methods: We present new optical spectra of a well-selected sample of Miras. We searched these spectra for absorption lines of Tc and other 3DUP indicators and combined our findings with gas MLRs and expansion velocities from the literature. Furthermore, we analyse WISE MIR data and compare the broadband SEDs of Miras with and without Tc. Results: We find no systematic difference in gas MLRs between Miras with and without Tc. However, the gas envelopes of Tc-poor Miras appear to have a higher expansion velocity than those of Miras with Tc. Furthermore, our analysis of the IR photometry strongly corroborates the earlier finding that Tc-poor Miras have a higher MIR emission than Tc-rich ones, by as much as a factor of two. We model the IR colours with DARWIN and stationary wind models and conclude that Miras with and without Tc have different dust content or properties. Conclusions: We discuss several hypotheses of the observations and conclude that the reduction of free oxygen by 3DUP of carbon and iron-depleted dust grains in Tc-rich stars are the most convincing explanations for our observations.

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