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arXiv 2408.12017astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GAastro-ph.SR
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富气环境中大质量恒星的辐射流体力学模拟:AGN恒星的吸积受热反馈抑制

Radiation Hydrodynamic Simulations of Massive Stars in Gas-rich Environments: Accretion of AGN Stars Suppressed By Thermal Feedback

Yi-Xian Chen, Yan-Fei Jiang, Jeremy Goodman, Douglas N. C. Lin

AI总结:

本文通过3D辐射流体力学模拟研究AGN盘中大质量恒星的吸积过程,发现热反馈在快扩散区域抑制吸积率1-2个数量级,在慢扩散区域则可能导致包层失控增长,修正了先前1D研究的预期。

摘要:

大质量恒星可能形成于AGN盘或被捕获进入其中。近期使用恒星演化代码的一维研究表明,此类恒星具有通过吸积迅速增长至几百$M_\odot$的潜力。我们进行了中等质量恒星包层的3D辐射流体力学模拟,以确定它们在无光度驱动质量损失的各向同性富气环境中的吸积率及临界半径$R_{\rm crit}$。我们发现在“快扩散”区域,即特征辐射扩散速度$c/τ$快于气体声速$c_s$时,除恒星光度外,吸积率还受到引力和辐射平流能量通量的反馈抑制。而在“慢扩散”区域,即$c/τ<c_s$时,由于绝热吸积,恒星包层迅速膨胀变为流体静力学状态,在无自引力情况下,进一步的净吸积在热时标上发生。然而,当介质的辐射熵小于恒星的辐射熵时,这个流体静力学包层可能变得比恒星本身更重。在此子区域中,包层的自引力激发了失控增长。将我们的结果应用于真实环境,嵌入AGN盘中的中等质量恒星($\lesssim 100M_\odot$)通常在快扩散区域吸积,导致稳态吸积率比先前1D计算的预期降低1-2个数量级,且$R_{\rm crit}$小于盘标高,除非在温度$T\sim 2000$K的不透明度窗口处。慢扩散区域的吸积发生在极高密度$\rho\gtrsim 10^{-9}$g/cm$^3$的区域,在1D长期计算中需谨慎处理。

英文摘要:

Massive stars may form in or be captured into AGN disks. Recent 1D studies employing stellar-evolution codes have demonstrated the potential for rapid growth of such stars through accretion up to a few hundred $M_\odot$. We perform 3D radiation hydrodynamic simulations of moderately massive stars' envelopes, in order to determine the rate and critical radius $R_{\rm crit}$ of their accretion process in an isotropic gas-rich environment in the absence of luminosity-driven mass loss. We find that in the ``fast-diffusion" regime where characteristic radiative diffusion speed $c/τ$ is faster than the gas sound speed $c_s$, the accretion rate is suppressed by feedback from gravitational and radiative advection energy flux, in addition to the stellar luminosity. Alternatively, in the ``slow-diffusion" regime where $c/τ<c_s$, due to adiabatic accretion, the stellar envelope expands quickly to become hydrostatic and further net accretion occurs on thermal timescales in the absence of self-gravity. When the radiation entropy of the medium is less than that of the star, however, this hydrostatic envelope can become more massive than the star itself. Within this sub-regime, self-gravity of the envelope excites runaway growth. Applying our results to realistic environments, moderately massive stars ($\lesssim 100M_\odot$) embedded in AGN disks typically accrete in the fast-diffusion regime, leading to reduction of steady-state accretion rate 1-2 orders of magnitudes lower than expected by previous 1D calculations and $R_{\rm crit}$ smaller than the disk scale height, except in the opacity window at temperature $T\sim 2000$K. Accretion in slow diffusion regime occurs in regions with very high density $ρ\gtrsim 10^{-9}$g/cm$^3$, and needs to be treated with caution in 1D long-term calculations.

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