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arXiv 2408.09583stat.MLcs.LG
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卷积条件神经过程

Convolutional Conditional Neural Processes

University of Cambridge(剑桥大学);Christ’s College(基督学院)

Wessel P. Bruinsma

AI总结:

本研究针对神经过程的效率、依赖建模与灵活性问题,提出ConvNPs、GNPs、AR CNPs三类改进模型及组合式软件抽象,推动神经过程在多领域的应用。

摘要:

神经过程是一类使用神经网络直接参数化从数据集到预测映射的模型。这种直接参数化的方式使得在小数据问题中也能使用表达能力强大的神经网络,而传统方法下神经网络在这类问题中容易过拟合。神经过程能够生成校准良好的不确定性估计,可有效处理缺失数据,且训练过程简单。这些特性让这类模型在医疗健康、环境科学等广泛应用领域颇具吸引力。\n本论文从三个方面推进神经过程的研究。\n第一,我们提出卷积神经过程(ConvNPs)。ConvNPs通过内置一种名为平移等变性的对称性,提升了神经过程的数据效率。该模型依赖卷积神经网络而非多层感知机。\n第二,我们提出高斯神经过程(GNPs)。GNPs直接对神经过程预测结果中的依赖关系进行参数化。当前建模预测依赖关系的方法依赖于潜变量,因此需要近似推断,这会削弱方法的简洁性。\n第三,我们提出自回归条件神经过程(AR CNPs)。AR CNPs无需对模型或训练流程做任何修改即可训练神经过程,且在测试阶段以自回归方式逐步生成模型输出。AR CNPs为神经过程框架提供了一个新的调节维度,可在训练时的建模复杂度与计算开销和测试时的计算开销之间做权衡。\n除了方法层面的进展,本论文还提出了一种软件抽象,支持以组合式的方式实现神经过程。这种方法允许用户通过以不同方式组合基础构建模块,快速探索神经过程模型的设计空间。

英文摘要:

Neural processes are a family of models which use neural networks to directly parametrise a map from data sets to predictions. Directly parametrising this map enables the use of expressive neural networks in small-data problems where neural networks would traditionally overfit. Neural processes can produce well-calibrated uncertainties, effectively deal with missing data, and are simple to train. These properties make this family of models appealing for a breadth of applications areas, such as healthcare or environmental sciences. This thesis advances neural processes in three ways. First, we propose convolutional neural processes (ConvNPs). ConvNPs improve data efficiency of neural processes by building in a symmetry called translation equivariance. ConvNPs rely on convolutional neural networks rather than multi-layer perceptrons. Second, we propose Gaussian neural processes (GNPs). GNPs directly parametrise dependencies in the predictions of a neural process. Current approaches to modelling dependencies in the predictions depend on a latent variable, which consequently requires approximate inference, undermining the simplicity of the approach. Third, we propose autoregressive conditional neural processes (AR CNPs). AR CNPs train a neural process without any modifications to the model or training procedure and, at test time, roll out the model in an autoregressive fashion. AR CNPs equip the neural process framework with a new knob where modelling complexity and computational expense at training time can be traded for computational expense at test time. In addition to methodological advancements, this thesis also proposes a software abstraction that enables a compositional approach to implementing neural processes. This approach allows the user to rapidly explore the space of neural process models by putting together elementary building blocks in different ways.

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