通过辐射制冷以350 mW/m$^2$的密度记录夜间发电量
Record nighttime electric power generation at a density of 350 mW/m$^2$ via radiative cooling
AI总结：
本研究通过优化热辐射光谱、减少寄生热泄漏及最大化热电转换，开发出一种利用宇宙冷能的夜间发电系统，实现了350 mW/m$^2$的持续功率密度，接近理论上限。
摘要：
宇宙的冷能是一种热力学资源，但在可再生能源发电方面很大程度上尚未被开发利用。最近，该领域日益增长的兴趣促使了许多研究，旨在实现利用这一巨大资源进行发电的潜力。虽然基于热力学原理的理论计算将功率密度的上限设定在6000 mW/m$^2$的水平，但迄今为止的大多数实验演示所得到的功率密度要低得多，仅处于数十mW/m$^2$的水平。在此，我们通过涉及热辐射光谱定制、寄生热泄漏最小化以及热到电的最大转换的设计优化，展示了一种从环境热量向寒冷宇宙的热辐射中收集电能的能源发电系统，该系统实现了350 mW/m$^2$的持续功率密度。我们进一步展示了利用提供高于环境温度热量的额外热源或储热装置，达到1000 mW/m$^2$水平的功率密度。我们在这里的工作表明，宇宙的冷能可以被收集起来，以接近既定界限的功率密度水平生产可再生能源。
英文摘要：
The coldness of the universe is a thermodynamic resource that has largely remained untapped for renewable energy generation. Recently, a growing interest in this area has led to a number of studies with the aim to realize the potential of tapping this vast resource for energy generation. While the theoretical calculation based on thermodynamic principles places an upper limit in the power density at the level of 6000 mW/m$^2$, most experimental demonstrations so far result in much lower power density at the level of tens of mW/m$^2$. Here we demonstrate, through design optimization involving the tailoring of the thermal radiation spectrum, the minimization of parasitic heat leakage, and the maximum conversion of heat to electricity, an energy generation system harvesting electricity from the thermal radiation of the ambient heat to the cold universe that achieves a sustained power density of 350 mW/m$^2$. We further demonstrate a power density at the 1000 mW/m$^2$ level using an additional heat source or heat storage that provides access to heat at a temperature above ambient. Our work here shows that the coldness of the universe can be harvested to generate renewable energy at the power density level that approaches the established bound.
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