分区定价与节点定价：德国日前市场不同定价规则的分析
Zonal vs. Nodal Pricing: An Analysis of Different Pricing Rules in the German Day-Ahead Market
AI总结：
本文基于BZR数据集分析德国-卢森堡日前市场，比较了不同分区模型与节点定价规则，发现分区拆分成本节省不足1%，而节点定价可达5-6%，为非凸市场定价讨论提供了参考。
摘要：
欧洲电力市场基于具有统一日前价格的大型定价区域。能源转型导致供需结构发生变化，并使重新调度成本不断上升。为了确保高效的市场出清和阻塞管理，欧盟委员会已授权进行投标区审查（BZR），以重新评估欧洲投标区的配置。基于在BZR背景下发布的2025年目标年独特数据集，我们分析了德国-卢森堡投标区各种定价规则的短期影响。我们比较了不同分区模型的市场出清和定价，包括其发电和重新调度成本。在使用该数据集的数值实验中，不同区域的平均价格差异较小。不同配置下的总成本相似，价格标准差的降低幅度也很小。其他负荷和发电场景下可能有所不同，但BZR数据非常重要，因为其创建目的正是为了对现有投标区的拆分做出决策。我们能够复现BZR研究中的多项结果，但在德国和卢森堡从一个价格区变为两个价格区时大幅节省成本这一点上除外。除了BZR研究中分析的四种分区配置外，我们还将这些配置与节点定价系统进行了比较。引入分区拆分后的总成本节省不足1%，而节点定价则带来了5-6%的节省。我们还评估了节点定价规则在必要的追加支付方面的差异，这在欧盟关于非统一定价的讨论背景下具有相关性。尽管本研究聚焦于德国，但其分析具有更广泛的适用性，并融入了关于非凸市场定价规则的更广泛讨论中。
英文摘要：
The European electricity market is based on large pricing zones with a uniform day-ahead price. The energy transition leads to changes in supply and demand and increasing redispatch costs. In an attempt to ensure efficient market clearing and congestion management, the EU Commission has mandated the Bidding Zone Review (BZR) to reevaluate the configuration of European bidding zones. Based on a unique data set published in the context of the BZR for the target year 2025, we analyze the short-run effects of various pricing rules for the German-Luxembourgish bidding zone. We compare market clearing and pricing for different zonal models, including their generation and redispatch costs. In numerical experiments with this dataset, the differences in the average prices in different zones are low. The total costs across different configurations are similar and the reduction of standard deviations in prices is also small. This might be different with other load and generation scenarios, but the BZR data is important as it was created to make a decision about splits of the existing bidding zones. We can replicate several results from the BZR study, except the large cost savings when moving from one to two price zones in Germany and Luxembourg. In addition to the four zonal configurations analyzed in the BZR study, we compare these against a nodal pricing system. While the total cost savings after introducing zonal splits were less than 1%, nodal pricing led to savings of 5-6%. We also evaluate differences of nodal pricing rules with respect to the necessary uplift payments, which is relevant in the context of the discussion on non-uniform pricing in the EU. While the study focuses on Germany, the analysis is relevant beyond and feeds into the broader discussion about pricing rules in non-convex markets.
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