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arXiv 2402.01552cs.CR
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量子电路中的硬件木马、其影响及防御

Hardware Trojans in Quantum Circuits, Their Impacts, and Defense

Rupshali Roy, Subrata Das, Swaroop Ghosh

AI总结:

本文研究了NISQ量子计算场景下第三方编译器插入单量子比特硬件木马的安全风险,测试了不同木马在有无噪声下的性能影响,并提出基于CNN的检测方法实现90%的检测准确率。

摘要:

在近期含噪声的量子计算机中,量子电路输出结果的可靠性取决于给定问题对应的门数量和电路深度。与门数量更多、深度更深的同类电路相比,深度更浅、门数量更少的电路能更频繁地得到正确解。为了在含噪声中等规模量子(NISQ)计算机上顺利运行,量子电路需要通过编译器高效优化,编译器会将高层门分解为硬件的原生门。目前有许多第三方编译器正在开发中,旨在缩短大型量子电路的编译时间、降低电路深度并减少门数量。这类编译器,甚至是原本可信的编译器的某个特定发布版本,都可能不可靠,并带来诸如编译过程中插入量子木马的安全风险——由于量子计算中缺乏黄金/预言机模型,这类木马能够规避检测。木马可能破坏电路功能,导致基态概率翻转,或是使输出中正确基态的概率降低。本文研究并讨论了在基准量子电路的不同位置逐一插入单量子比特木马(我们选取了Hadamard门和NOT门)且不改变电路深度的情况下所产生的影响。结果表明,在无噪声环境下,Hadamard木马平均造成16.18%的性能下降;在有噪声环境下,该数值为7.78%。对于NOT木马(有噪声环境),在所有可能的输入下平均造成14.6%的性能下降。随后我们探讨了使用基于CNN的分类器检测量子电路中此类木马的方法,该方法准确率可达90%。

英文摘要:

The reliability of the outcome of a quantum circuit in near-term noisy quantum computers depends on the gate count and depth for a given problem. Circuits with a short depth and lower gate count can yield the correct solution more often than the variant with a higher gate count and depth. To work successfully for Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers, quantum circuits need to be optimized efficiently using a compiler that decomposes high-level gates to native gates of the hardware. Many 3rd party compilers are being developed for lower compilation time, reduced circuit depth, and lower gate count for large quantum circuits. Such compilers, or even a specific release version of a compiler that is otherwise trustworthy, may be unreliable and give rise to security risks such as insertion of a quantum trojan during compilation that evades detection due to the lack of a golden/Oracle model in quantum computing. Trojans may corrupt the functionality to give flipped probabilities of basis states, or result in a lower probability of correct basis states in the output. In this paper, we investigate and discuss the impact of a single qubit Trojan (we have chosen a Hadamard gate and a NOT gate) inserted one at a time at various locations in benchmark quantum circuits without changing the the depth of the circuit. Results indicate an average of 16.18% degradation for the Hadamard Trojan without noise, and 7.78% with noise. For the NOT Trojan (with noise) there is 14.6% degradation over all possible inputs. We then discuss the detection of such Trojans in a quantum circuit using CNN-based classifier achieving an accuracy of 90%.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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