Soon after the postulation of quarks by Gell-Mann, Zweig and Fritzsch the experimental confirmation of these sub-nucleon formations, Feynman, Ravndal and Kislinger proposed a relativistic three-quark model of the nucleon to study its internal structure and state. Despite the obvious progress in describing the internal motion of a system with confinement of quarks in a nucleon, it should be stated that the model is not realistic enough. The fact is that the model ignores the processes of gluon exchange between quarks, as well as the influence of continuously formed pairs of quarks and antiquarks (quark sea) on valence quarks. To overcome this difficulty, the problem of self-organization of a three-quark dynamical system immersed in a colored quark-antiquark sea is considered within the framework of the representation of complex probabilistic processes satisfying the stochastic differential equation of Langevin-Kline-Gordon-Fock type. Taking into account the hidden symmetry of the internal motion of a dynamical system, a mathematically closed non-perturbative approach has been developed, which makes it possible to construct the mathematical expectation of the wave function and other parameters of the nucleon in the form of multiple integral representations. The developed approach can be especially useful for studying the state of nucleons in critical states, which occurs, for example, in massive and dense stellar formations such as neutron stars, etc.
A percent-level determination of the nucleon axial coupling from Quantum Chromodynamics
$\textit{axial coupling of the nucleon}$，$g_A$，是它与粒子物理学标准模型的$\textit{weak}$轴向电流的耦合强度，就像电荷是与电磁流的耦合强度一样。这种轴向耦合决定了中子衰变为质子的速率、核子之间长程引力的强度以及核物理的其他特征。在核环境中精确测试标准模型需要对扎根于量子色动力学的核物理学有定量的了解，量子色动力学是标准模型的支柱。$g_A$的重要性使它成为理论上确定的基准量-这是一项困难的任务，因为量子色动力学是非微扰的，排除了已知的分析方法。格点量子色动力学提供了一个严格的，非微扰的量子色动力学定义，可以数值实现。据估计，如果克服两个挑战，到2020年，2%的精度将是可能的：在计算中必须控制激发态对$g_A$的污染，并且必须显著提高统计精度。在这里，我们报告的计算$g_A^{QCD} = 1.271\pm0.013$，使用一种非传统的方法，灵感来自费曼-赫尔曼定理，克服了这些挑战。
Color Lorentz force on a transversely polarized quark in the nucleon
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院近代物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Iowa State University（爱荷华州立大学）
Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering Parameters in the Limit of SU(3) Flavor Symmetry
The scattering lengths and effective ranges that describe low-energy nucleon-nucleon scattering are calculated in the limit of SU(3)-flavor symmetry at the physical strange-quark mass with Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics. The calculations are performed with an isotropic clover discretization of the quark action in three volumes with spatial extents of L \sim 3.4 fm, 4.5fm and 6.7 fm, and with a lattice spacing of b \sim 0.145 fm. With determinations of the energies of the two-nucleon systems (both of which contain bound states at these up and down quark masses) at rest and moving in the lattice…
Nucleon axial-vector form factor and radius from radiatively-corrected antineutrino scattering data
Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院理论物理研究所）；Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory（洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室理论部）；Nuclear & Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室核与化学科学部）；Department of Physics, Imperial College London（伦敦帝国理工学院物理系）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester（罗切斯特大学物理与天文学系）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University（约克大学物理与天文学系）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky（肯塔基大学物理与天文学系）；Fermilab（费米实验室）
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility（托马斯·杰斐逊国家加速设施）；SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University（斯坦福大学SLAC国家加速器实验室）；Laboratorio de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Costa Rica（哥斯达黎加大学理论与计算物理实验室）
Gluon GTMDs in the exclusive electroproduction of heavy-quark pairs
Università di Cagliari（卡利亚里大学）；INFN, Sezione di Cagliari（意大利国家核物理研究所，卡利亚里分部）；Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen（格罗宁根大学范斯温德恩粒子物理与引力研究所）
Quantum Simulation of Nucleon-Antinucleon Interaction in Large-$N$ QCD$_2$ on an IBM Quantum Nighthawk Processor
Future of Computing Institute, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute（未来计算研究所，伦斯勒理工学院）；InQubator for Quantum Simulation (IQuS), Department of Physics, University of Washington（量子模拟创新中心（IQuS），华盛顿大学物理系）；Center for Nuclear Theory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University（核理论中心，石溪大学物理与天文学系）；Energy and Photon Sciences Directorate, Condensed Matter and Materials Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory（能源与光子科学部，凝聚态与材料科学处，布鲁海文国家实验室）
测量轻子和核子的深度非弹性散射（DIS），$e+p\to e+X$，可以提取部分子分布函数（PDF），它描述了组成快速运动核子的夸克、反夸克和胶子所携带的纵向动量。虽然PDF为涉及强子的微扰量子色动力学（QCD）计算提供了重要的输入，但它们并没有提供核子部分子结构的完整图像。特别是，PDF既不包含关于部分子之间的相关性的信息，也不包含关于它们的横向运动的信息。近年来，核子保持完整的硬排他过程已经成为补充这一基本一维图像的主要候选者。最简单的排斥过程是深虚康普顿散射（DVCS）或排斥产生实光子$e + p \to e + γ+ p$。这个过程是特别感兴趣的，因为它既有一个明确的实验签名，是可计算的微扰QCD。DVCS反应可以被看作是虚光子通过无色交换从质子上弹性散射，产生最终状态的实光子。在Bjorken标度体系中，QCD计算假设交换涉及两个部分子，具有不同的纵向和横向动量，在无色的配置。这些不相等的动量或偏斜是入射虚光子和出射实光子之间质量差的结果。这种偏态效应可以在广义部分子分布（GPD）的背景下解释。在这一过程中，我们研究了HERA的典型测量和CERN的COMPASS的前景，这可以为核子的夸克/胶子成像带来新的见解。
