电动汽车和风力涡轮机行业对高性能永磁体日益增长的需求,促使人们寻找具有成本效益的替代品。由于稀土元素的全球供应、材料稳定性和较低的最大磁能积 BH$_{max}$ 等问题,发现具有理想内禀和外禀永磁性能的新型磁性材料对研究人员提出了重大挑战。虽然第一性原理密度泛函理论(DFT)能够预测材料的磁矩、磁晶各向异性常数和交换相互作用,但它无法计算矫顽力($H_c$)。尽管理论上可以通过微磁学模拟计算 $H_c$,但由于 Brown 佯谬,预测值比实验值大近一个数量级。为规避这些问题,我们在从实验、DFT 计算和微磁学建模获得的广泛数据库上采用机器学习(ML)方法。大型数据集的使用使得对 Ce 掺杂 Nd$_2$Fe$_{14}$B 等材料的 $H_c$ 预测更为真实,且与微磁学模拟的矫顽力相比表现更佳。值得注意的是,我们的 ML 模型准确识别出单轴磁晶各向异性是 $H_c$ 的主要贡献因素。通过 DFT 计算,我们预测了 Nd$_2$Fe$_{14}$B 中依赖于 Nd 位的磁各向异性行为,证实 Nd $4g$ 位主要贡献于单轴磁晶各向异性,并计算了 Curie 温度(T$_{C}$)。两项计算结果均与实验吻合良好。耦合的实验数据集与包含 DFT 输入的 ML 建模,在预测 $H_c$ 时比以往使用微磁学建模具有更高的准确度和速度。此外,我们利用 ML 预测,通过微磁学模拟对晶粒间交换耦合进行了逆向工程。
英文摘要:
Increased demand for high-performance permanent magnets in the electric vehicle and wind turbine industries has prompted the search for cost-effective alternatives.Discovering new magnetic materials with the desired intrinsic and extrinsic permanent magnet properties presents a significant challenge to researchers because of issues with the global supply of rare-earth elements, material stability, and a low maximum magnetic energy product BH$_{max}$.While first-principle density functional theory (DFT) predicts materials' magnetic moments, magneto-crystalline anisotropy constants, and exchange interactions, it cannot compute coercivity ($H_c$).Although it is possible to calculate $H_c$ theoretically with micromagnetic simulations, the predicted value is larger than the experiment by almost an order of magnitude, due to the Brown paradox.To circumvent these, we employ machine learning (ML) methods on an extensive database obtained from experiments, DFT calculations, and micromagnetic modeling.The use of a large dataset enables realistic $H_c$ predictions for materials such as Ce-doped Nd$_2$Fe$_{14}$B, comparing favorably against micromagnetically simulated coercivities.Remarkably, our ML model accurately identifies uniaxial magneto-crystalline anisotropy as the primary contributor to $H_c$. With DFT calculations, we predict the Nd-site dependent magnetic anisotropy behavior in Nd$_2$Fe$_{14}$B, confirming that Nd $4g$-sites mainly contribute to uniaxial magneto-crystalline anisotropy, and also calculate Curie temperature (T$_{C}$).Both calculated results are in good agreement with experiment.The coupled experimental dataset and ML modeling with DFT input predict $H_c$ with far greater accuracy and speed than was previously possible using micromagnetic modeling.Further, we reverse-engineer the inter-grain exchange coupling with micromagnetic simulations by employing the ML predictions.
对于给定的硬磁合金,可以实现的最大矫顽力估计通过计算在理想化的微观结构中没有任何结构缺陷和没有任何软磁第二相的反转域的成核的能垒。对于Sm $_{1-z}$ Zr $_z$(Fe $_{1-y}$ Co $_y$)$_{12-x}$ Ti $_x$基合金,其被认为是具有较低稀土含量的Nd $_2$ Fe $_{14}$ B磁体的替代品,小磁性立方体的矫顽场在室温下降低到各向异性场的60%,在高温(473 K)下降低到各向异性场的50%。这种矫顽场的减小是由取向差、退磁场和热涨落引起的。
The effect of the surface magnetic anisotropy of the neodymium atoms on the coercivity in the neodymium permanent magnet
Nd永磁体(Nd $_{2}$ Fe $_{14}$ B)是现代能量转换器件中不可缺少的材料。在有限温度下实现高介电常数是一个紧迫的问题。控制矫顽力的重要因素之一是磁性颗粒的表面性质。第一性原理研究已经报道,在面向真空的第一(001)表面层中的Nd原子具有垂直于$c$轴的面内各向异性,这可能降低双折射率。针对表面各向异性对磁体磁性能的影响,采用随机Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert方程方法,建立了反映Nd磁体晶格结构的原子模型,研究了零温和有限温下磁体磁性能.我们研究了一般的三种情况,其中表面层中的Nd原子具有(1)无各向异性,(2)面内各向异性,以及(3)两种类型表面(001)和(100)表面的增强各向异性。我们发现,与零温情况相比,由于热涨落效应,仅第一表面层的修改在有限温度下对双折射率的影响很小。然而,几个层的修改导致显著的效果。我们讨论了磁化率对温度、表面类型和改性层深度的依赖关系,以及磁化反转时畴生长的特征。
Optimization of nanocomposite materials for permanent magnets by micromagnetic simulations: effect of the intergrain exchange and the hard grains shape
Anisotropy of exchange stiffness based on atomic-scale magnetic properties in rare-earth permanent magnet Nd$_2$Fe$_{14}$B
本文研究了稀土永磁体Nd $_2$ Fe $_{14}$ B的交换刚度常数$\mathcal{A}$的各向异性,蒙特卡罗(MC)方法与原子自旋模型和Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert(LLG)方程与连续磁模型。利用从头计算方法建立了$_2$ Fe $_{14}$ B的自旋模型,对模型进行了原子态MC模拟,并利用MC模拟得到的参数进行了LLG微磁学模拟.我们阐明了$\mathcal{A}$的振幅和热性质依赖于晶体中的取向,这归因于Nd原子的层状结构和Nd与Fe原子之间的弱交换耦合。我们还证实,$\mathcal{A}$的各向异性显着影响的阈值场的磁化反转(反磁化率)的脱钉过程。
Coercivity weighted Langevin magnetisation; A new approach to interpret superparamagnetic and nonsuperparamagnetic behaviour in single domain magnetic nanoparticles
Interplay between Exchange Interaction and Magnetic Shape Anisotropy of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in a non-magnetic matrix for rare-earth-free permanent magnets
High coercivity induced by mechanical milling in cobalt ferrite powders
在这项工作中,我们报告的研究亚铁磁性氧化物CoFe 2 O 4的磁行为处理的机械研磨与不同的磨球。采用简单的水热法制备了钴铁氧体纳米粒子,并在500 ℃下进行了退火处理。未研磨的样品呈现约1.9kOe的磁化率、69.5emu/g的饱和磁化强度和0.42的剩磁比。球磨后,两种样品的磁化强度分别为4.2和4.1kOe,饱和磁化强度分别为67.0和71.4emu/g。这些样品的剩磁比MR/MS分别增加到0.49和0.51。为了研究这些样品的磁行为的微观结构的影响,我们使用X射线粉末衍射(XPD),透射电子显微镜(TEM),和振动样品磁强计(VSM)。通过Williamson-Hall图的XPD分析用于估计样品中由机械研磨引起的平均微晶尺寸和应变。
Temperature-dependent magnetocrystalline anisotropy of rare earth/transition metal permanent magnets from first principles: The light RCo$_5$ (R=Y, La-Gd) intermetallics
Giant Exfoliation Induced Magnetic Coercivity in Fe$_3$GaTe$_2$
National High Magnetic Field Laboratory(国家强磁场实验室);Florida State University(佛罗里达州立大学);The University of Edinburgh(爱丁堡大学);Argonne National Laboratory(阿贡国家实验室);Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)(圣塞巴斯蒂安国际物理中心);Baylor University(贝勒大学)
Role of doped Ru in coercivity-enhanced La$_{0.6}$Sr$_{0.4}MnO$_3$ thin film studied by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism
Ru替代Mn可提高La $_{1-x}$ Sr $_x$ MnO $_3$薄膜的介电性能。为了阐明其机理,我们在Ru M $_{2,3}$和Mn L $_{2,3}$边缘进行了软X射线吸收和磁性圆二色性测量。我们发现Ru和Mn的自旋方向相反,Ru具有有限的轨道磁矩。模型分析表明,Ru的有限轨道磁矩和降低的自旋磁矩是由于自旋-轨道相互作用下SrTiO $_3$衬底的外延应变引起的局域晶格畸变所致.