Some massive stars likely fail to produce core-collapse supernovae, but these failed supernovae (FSNe) can generate an electromagnetic outburst prior to the disappearance of the star, as the mass lost to neutrinos during the stellar core-collapse results in the formation and breakout of a second shock. We show that when the mass lost to neutrinos is sufficiently small, there are two self-similar solutions that describe the propagation of a weak shock into a hydrodynamically expanding envelope that simultaneously yield accretion onto the black hole. The larger-Mach number solution is unstable and yields the minimum Mach number that a shock must have to strengthen into the energy-conserving regime. Above a critical mass loss there are no weak-shock solutions, implying that there are only strong explosions if the neutrino mass loss is above a critical value, and this value is a few percent of the mass of the star (and is physically achievable) for typical parameters. Our results imply that the fate of the explosion from a FSN -- weak with little to no mass ejection or strong with the expulsion of the majority of the envelope -- is a sensitive function of the stellar properties and the neutrino mass loss. We also show that there is a second type of self-similar solution for the shock that results in the ``settling'' of the gas near the compact object, which may be applicable to non-terminal stellar eruptions and the response of a gaseous disc to gravitational-wave induced mass loss from a binary black hole merger.
PUSHing Core-Collapse Supernovae to Explosions in Spherical Symmetry II: Explodability and Global Properties
在先前提出的原理验证研究中,我们建立了一个参数化的球对称爆炸方法(PUSH),可以再现核心坍缩超新星的许多特征。本文超越了能够再现SN 1987 A的观测性质的具体应用,对一组广泛的非旋转、太阳金属丰度恒星祖先模型的爆炸性质进行了系统的研究,这些模型的质量范围从10.8到120 M $_\odot$,其中包括作为大质量恒星坍缩的最终结果的从中子星到黑洞的转变,以及后者与超新星和微弱/失败的超新星的关系。本文件提供了扩展的核合成预测的基础上,即将在星系演化模型中使用的文件。
Quark deconfinement as supernova explosion engine for massive blue-supergiant stars
蓝超巨星发展成为核心坍缩超新星-宇宙中最具能量的爆发之一-当恒星核心的所有核燃烧燃料耗尽时。先前的尝试未能解释观测到的这种恒星的爆炸,这些恒星的零龄主序星质量为50 M $_\odot$或更大。在这里,我们利用在很大程度上不确定的高密度物质的状态,并连接这样的恒星爆炸与一级相变从核物质的夸克-胶子等离子体的建模。由此产生的高能超新星爆炸可以解释多种光变曲线,从奇特的II型到超亮事件。残余物是具有夸克物质核心的中子星,称为混合星,在出生时约为2~M $_\odot$。由于第二次中微子爆发的释放,这种星系事件可以被观测到。它的观测将证实这种一级相变在密度相关的天体物理学。
Stellar Collapse Diversity and the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background
The diffuse cosmic supernova neutrino background (DSNB) is observational target of the gadolinium-loaded Super-Kamiokande (SK) detector and the forthcoming JUNO and Hyper-Kamiokande detectors. Current predictions are hampered by our still incomplete understanding of the supernova (SN) explosion mechanism and of the neutron star (NS) equation of state and maximum mass. In our comprehensive study we revisit this problem on grounds of the landscapes of successful and failed SN explosions obtained by Sukhbold et al. and Ertl et al. with parametrized one-dimensional neutrino engines for large sets …
Drawing the line between explosion and collapse in electron-capture supernovae -- I. Impact of conductive flame speeds and ignition conditions on the explosion mechanism
Heidelberger Institut für Theoretische Studien(海德堡理论研究所);Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory(洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室理论部);Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik(海德堡大学天文学中心理论天体物理研究所);Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik(马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所);Astrophysics Research Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University(基尔大学天体物理研究中心);Kavli IPMU (WPI), The University of Tokyo(东京大学 Kavli 宇宙粒子与宇宙学起源前沿国际研究中心(WPI))
Core-collapse supernova simulations and the formation of neutron stars, hybrid stars, and black holes
我们研究了在核心坍缩超新星背景下的一阶量子色动力学(QCD)相变的可观测特征。为此,我们使用强子-夸克混合状态方程(EOS)进行多能中微子输运的轴对称相对论数值模拟。我们考虑四个非旋转的祖先模型,其质量范围从$9.6$到$70$ M $_\odot$。我们发现,两个较小的质量祖星(9.6和11.2 M $_\odot$)显示出成功的爆炸,这是由中微子加热驱动。它们不经历QCD相变,并留下一颗中子星(NS)。对于质量更大的祖星(50和70 M $_\odot$),原中子星(PNS)核心进入相变区并经历第二次坍缩。在50 M $_\odot$模型中,由于进入纯夸克物质区的状态方程突然变硬,形成了一个强激波,并吹掉了PNS包层。因此,残余物成为被强子物质包围的夸克核心,导致混合星的形成。然而,对于70 M的$_\odot$模型,激波不能克服连续的质量吸积,它很容易成为一个黑洞。我们发现,中微子和引力波(GW)信号从强子-夸克相变驱动的超新星爆炸是可探测的中微子和GW探测器的当代。此外,对GW探测器响应的分析揭示了独特的kHz特征,这将使我们能够将这类超新星爆炸与失败的中微子驱动的爆炸区分开来。
Luminous Fast Blue Optical Transients as "Failed" Gravitational-wave Sources: Helium Core$-$Black Hole Mergers Following Delayed Dynamical Instability
Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics(马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所);Columbia University(哥伦比亚大学);Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute(Flatiron研究所计算天体物理中心)
Failed jet breakout in the metal-poor broad-lined type Ic supernova 2026gzf
University College Dublin(都柏林大学学院);E. Kharadze Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory(E.哈卡拉泽格鲁吉亚国家天文台);David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto(多伦多大学戴维·A·邓普天文学与天体物理学系);Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto(多伦多大学邓普莱天文学与天体物理学研究所);Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem(耶路撒冷希伯来大学拉卡物理研究所);Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, CNES, LAM(艾克斯-马赛大学、法国国家科学研究中心、法国国家空间研究中心、天体物理实验室);Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University(拉德堡德大学天体物理学系/IMAPP);INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte(意大利国家天体物理研究所,卡波迪蒙特天文台);DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen(哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所DARK中心);Department of Physics, University of Warwick(华威大学物理系)
Fading into darkness: A weak mass ejection and low-efficiency fallback accompanying black hole formation in M31-2014-DS1
Columbia University(哥伦比亚大学);Flatiron Institute(平顿研究所);Center for Astrophysics — Harvard & Smithsonian(哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心);California Institute of Technology(加州理工学院);University of Michigan(密歇根大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院)
Explodability fluctuations of massive stellar cores enable asymmetric compact object mergers such as GW190814
先进LIGO和Virgo的前三次观测运行导致检测到具有高度不相等质量分量的二元黑洞合并(BBH),这与标准形成范式难以调和。其中最具代表性的是GW 190814,它是一个23 M $_{\odot}$黑洞和一个2.6 M $_{\odot}$致密天体之间的高度不对称合并。在这里,我们探讨了最近的结果表明,相当大一部分的恒星与塌陷前的碳氧核心质量超过10 M $_{\odot}$,并延伸到至少30 M $_{\odot}$,可能会产生所谓的低质量差距,桥梁之间的大规模恒星和BH在银河系X射线双星的分工对象。我们证明,这样的爆炸景观自然会导致一小部分大规模的二进制产生GW190814样的系统,而不是大规模的BBH。我们目前的例子,特定的进化通道,导致形成的GW190814和GW200210,一个24+2.8 M $_{\odot}$合并O3b观测运行期间发现的。我们估计,在我们的场景中,这些事件的合并率密度为总BBH合并率的$\mathcal{O}$(5%)。最后,我们讨论了这种形成通道对紧凑天体种群的更广泛的影响,以及它与GW200105和GW200115等不对称合并事件的可能相关性